217 research outputs found
Exposure to secondhand smoke and cognitive impairment in non-smokers: national cross sectional study with cotinine measurement
Objective To examine the association between a biomarker of exposure to secondhand smoke (salivary cotinine concentration) and cognitive impairment
Framingham Stroke Risk Profile and poor cognitive function: a population-based study.
BACKGROUND: The relationship between stroke risk and cognitive function has not previously been examined in a large community living sample other than the Framingham cohort. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between 10-year risk for incident stroke and cognitive function in a large population-based sample. METHODS: Participants were 7377 adults aged 50 years and over of the 2002 wave of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a prospective cohort study. A modified version of the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (incorporating age, sex, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, diabetes, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, and atrial fibrillation) was used to assess 10-year risk of stroke. Linear regression models were used to determine the cross-sectional relationship of stroke risk to global cognitive function and performance in multiple cognitive domains. RESULTS: In unadjusted models 10 percentage point increments of 10-year stroke risk were associated with poor global cognitive function (-0.40 SD units, 95% CI -0.43 - -0.38), and lowered performance in all cognitive domains. After statistical adjustment for age, sex, testing interval and other correlates of cognitive function the association with stroke risk was attenuated though remained significant for global cognitive function (-0.06 SD units, 95% CI -0.09 - -0.03), immediate and delayed verbal memory, semantic verbal fluency and processing speed. CONCLUSION: In individuals free from a history of stroke or dementia, high subclinical cerebrovascular disease burden was associated with worse cognitive function in multiple domains.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are
Neighborhood Deprivation, Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Function in Older People: Analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
To assess the relationship between cognitive function, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood deprivation (lack of local resources of all types, financial and otherwise). DESIGN : Nationally representative cross-section. SETTING : The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). PARTICIPANTS : Seven thousand one hundred twenty-six community-dwelling individuals aged 52 and older and resident in urban areas. MEASUREMENTS : Individual cognitive function score and index of multiple deprivation (IMD) at the Super Output Area level, adjusting for health, lifestyle, and sociodemographic confounders. Analyses were conducted separately according to sex and age group (52â69 and â„70). RESULTS : IMD affected cognitive function independent of the effects of education and socioeconomic status. For example, in fully adjusted models, women aged 70 and older had a standardized cognitive function score ( z -score) that was 0.20 points (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.01â0.39) lower in the bottom 20% of wealth than the top 20%, 0.44 points (95% CI=0.20â0.69) lower in the least-educated group than in the most educated, and 0.31 points (95% CI 0.15â0.48) lower if resident lived in an area in the bottom 20% of IMD than in the top 20%. CONCLUSION : In community-based older people in urban neighborhoods, neighborhood deprivationâliving in a neighborhood with high levels of deprivation, compared with national levelsâis associated with cognitive function independent of individual socioeconomic circumstances. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear and warrant further investigation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66217/1/j.1532-5415.2007.01557.x.pd
Editorial
URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0602367URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0602367URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs060236
P2â304: Application Of Systems Medicine To AlzheimerâS Disease And Dementia Research: A Systematic Review
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152602/1/alzjjalz201405983.pd
Is volunteering a public health intervention? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the health and survival of volunteers
Background
Volunteering has been advocated by the United Nations, and American and European governments as a way to engage people in their local communities and improve social capital, with the potential for public health benefits such as improving wellbeing and decreasing health inequalities. Furthermore, the US Corporation for National and Community Service Strategic Plan for 2011â2015 focused on increasing the impact of national service on community needs, supporting volunteersâ wellbeing, and prioritising recruitment and engagement of underrepresented populations. The aims of this review were to examine the effect of formal volunteering on volunteersâ physical and mental health and survival, and to explore the influence of volunteering type and intensity on health outcomes.
Methods
Experimental and cohort studies comparing the physical and mental health outcomes and mortality of a volunteering group to a non-volunteering group were identified from twelve electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, HMIC, SSCI, ASSIA, Social Care Online, Social Policy and Practice) and citation tracking in January 2013. No language, country or date restrictions were applied. Data synthesis was based on vote counting and random effects meta-analysis of mortality risk ratios.
Results
Forty papers were selected: five randomised controlled trials (RCTs, seven papers); four non-RCTs; and 17 cohort studies (29 papers). Cohort studies showed volunteering had favourable effects on depression, life satisfaction, wellbeing but not on physical health. These findings were not confirmed by experimental studies. Meta-analysis of five cohort studies found volunteers to be at lower risk of mortality (risk ratio: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90). There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate a consistent influence of volunteering type or intensity on outcomes.
Conclusion
Observational evidence suggested that volunteering may benefit mental health and survival although the causal mechanisms remain unclear. Consequently, there was limited robustly designed research to guide the development of volunteering as a public health promotion intervention. Future studies should explicitly map intervention design to clear health outcomes as well as use pragmatic RCT methodology to test effects
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