On the consistency of neutron-star radius measurements from thermonuclear bursts

The radius of neutron stars can in principle be measured via the normalisation of a blackbody fitted to the X-ray spectrum during thermonuclear (type-I) X-ray bursts, although few previous studies have addressed the reliability of such measurements. Here we examine the apparent radius in a homogeneous sample of long, mixed H/He bursts from the low-mass X-ray binaries GS 1826-24 and KS 1731-26. The measured blackbody normalisation (proportional to the emitting area) in these bursts is constant over a period of up to 60s in the burst tail, even though the flux (blackbody temperature) decreased by a factor of 60-75% (30-40%). The typical rms variation in the mean normalisation from burst to burst was 3-5%, although a variation of 17% was found between bursts observed from GS 1826-24 in two epochs. A comparison of the time-resolved spectroscopic measurements during bursts from the two epochs shows that the normalisation evolves consistently through the burst rise and peak, but subsequently increases further in the earlier epoch bursts. The elevated normalisation values may arise from a change in the anisotropy of the burst emission, or alternatively variations in the spectral correction factor, f_c, of order 10%. Since burst samples observed from systems other than GS 1826-24 are more heterogeneous, we expect that systematic uncertainties of at least 10% are likely to apply generally to measurements of neutron-star radii, unless the effects described here can be corrected for.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures; accepted by Ap

Simulation of DNA damage using Geant4-DNA: an overview of the “molecularDNA” example application

Purpose The scientific community shows great interest in the study of DNA damage induction, DNA damage repair, and the biological effects on cells and cellular systems after exposure to ionizing radiation. Several in silico methods have been proposed so far to study these mechanisms using Monte Carlo simulations. This study outlines a Geant4-DNA example application, named “molecularDNA”, publicly released in the 11.1 version of Geant4 (December 2022). Methods It was developed for novice Geant4 users and requires only a basic understanding of scripting languages to get started. The example includes two different DNA-scale geometries of biological targets, namely “cylinders” and “human cell”. This public version is based on a previous prototype and includes new features, such as: the adoption of a new approach for the modeling of the chemical stage, the use of the standard DNA damage format to describe radiation-induced DNA damage, and upgraded computational tools to estimate DNA damage response. Results Simulation data in terms of single-strand break and double-strand break yields were produced using each of the available geometries. The results were compared with the literature, to validate the example, producing less than 5% difference in all cases. Conclusion: “molecularDNA” is a prototype tool that can be applied in a wide variety of radiobiology studies, providing the scientific community with an open-access base for DNA damage quantification calculations. New DNA and cell geometries for the “molecularDNA” example will be included in future versions of Geant4-DNA

De l’impact à long terme des radiations ionisantes sur les systèmes vivants

All life on earth has adapted to an environment where there is a small, persistent, radiation background interacting with cells. Unlike evaluating the clearly harmful effects of high radiation doses, understanding the effects of this low persistent radiation dose on living systems is incredibly difficult. We have attempted to study whether background radiation is an important factor in evolution by conducting identical evolution experiments with Escherichia coli in the Clermont-Ferrand Particle Physics Laboratory and the Modane Underground Laboratory. Despite a 7.3 fold difference in the rate of interactions between the radiation background and cells between the two environments, no significant difference was found in the competitive fitness of the cell populations grown at each location. Using simulations, we showed that the rate at which ionising radiation interacts with cells is one hundred times less frequent than E. coli’s mutation rate in our experimental conditions, supporting the contention that natural radiation has no strong evolutionary effect. To further support this conclusion, we developed a mechanistic simulation for DNA damage as part of the Geant4-DNA project. Using this application, we irradiated a model of an E. coli genome, showing that for electron irradiation > 10 keV, the double strand break yield can be reasonably estimated to be between 0.006 – 0.010 DSB Gy-1 Mbp-1, depending upon the modelling of radical scavenging. This is in agreement with experimental data, further highlighting the small role natural ionising radation plays as a cause of mutations.La vie sur Terre s’est adaptée à un environnement où il y a un faible et persistent bruit de fond radiatif qui interagit avec les cellules. Loin des effets clairement nocifs des radiations à haute dose, il est difficile d’évaluer et de comprendre les impacts des faibles doses de la radioactivité naturelle sur les systèmes vivants. Nous avons tenté d’étudier si le bruit de fond radiatif est un facteur important dans l’évolution, en menant des expériences évolutives identiques avec Escherichia coli au Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Clermont-Ferrand, et au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Malgré une différence d’un facteur 7,3 entre les taux d’interaction des rayonnements ionisants avec les cellules dans les deux laboratoires, aucune différence significative n’a pu être trouvée dans le fitness compétitif des populations cellulaires évoluées dans chaque laboratoire. Par simulation, nous avons montré que le taux d’interaction entre le bruit de fond radiatif et E. coli est cent fois plus faible que le taux de mutations d’origine endémique, ce qui renforce l’hypothèse que les radiations naturelles ont peu d’effet sur l’évolution. Dans le cadre du projet Geant4-DNA, nous avons développé une application complète de simulation mécanistique des dommages radio-induits à l’ADN, afin d’explorer davantage cette hypothèse. Avec cette application, on a irradié un modèle du génome d’E. coli, montrant que pour l’irradiation par des électrons d’énergies > 10 keV, le rendement des cassures double brin est de 0,006 – 0,010 CDB Gy-1 Mbp-1, selon le modèle de piégeage des radicaux chimiques. Ce résultat est en accord avec des données expérimentales, et souligne plus encore que les radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle n’ont qu’une contribution mineure aux mutations responsables de l’évolution

The long term impact of ionising radiation on living systems

La vie sur Terre s’est adaptée à un environnement où il y a un faible et persistent bruit de fond radiatif qui interagit avec les cellules. Loin des effets clairement nocifs des radiations à haute dose, il est difficile d’évaluer et de comprendre les impacts des faibles doses de la radioactivité naturelle sur les systèmes vivants. Nous avons tenté d’étudier si le bruit de fond radiatif est un facteur important dans l’évolution, en menant des expériences évolutives identiques avec Escherichia coli au Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire de Clermont-Ferrand, et au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane. Malgré une différence d’un facteur 7,3 entre les taux d’interaction des rayonnements ionisants avec les cellules dans les deux laboratoires, aucune différence significative n’a pu être trouvée dans le fitness compétitif des populations cellulaires évoluées dans chaque laboratoire. Par simulation, nous avons montré que le taux d’interaction entre le bruit de fond radiatif et E. coli est cent fois plus faible que le taux de mutations d’origine endémique, ce qui renforce l’hypothèse que les radiations naturelles ont peu d’effet sur l’évolution. Dans le cadre du projet Geant4-DNA, nous avons développé une application complète de simulation mécanistique des dommages radio-induits à l’ADN, afin d’explorer davantage cette hypothèse. Avec cette application, on a irradié un modèle du génome d’E. coli, montrant que pour l’irradiation par des électrons d’énergies > 10 keV, le rendement des cassures double brin est de 0,006 – 0,010 CDB Gy-1 Mbp-1, selon le modèle de piégeage des radicaux chimiques. Ce résultat est en accord avec des données expérimentales, et souligne plus encore que les radiations ionisantes d’origine naturelle n’ont qu’une contribution mineure aux mutations responsables de l’évolution.All life on earth has adapted to an environment where there is a small, persistent, radiation background interacting with cells. Unlike evaluating the clearly harmful effects of high radiation doses, understanding the effects of this low persistent radiation dose on living systems is incredibly difficult. We have attempted to study whether background radiation is an important factor in evolution by conducting identical evolution experiments with Escherichia coli in the Clermont-Ferrand Particle Physics Laboratory and the Modane Underground Laboratory. Despite a 7.3 fold difference in the rate of interactions between the radiation background and cells between the two environments, no significant difference was found in the competitive fitness of the cell populations grown at each location. Using simulations, we showed that the rate at which ionising radiation interacts with cells is one hundred times less frequent than E. coli’s mutation rate in our experimental conditions, supporting the contention that natural radiation has no strong evolutionary effect. To further support this conclusion, we developed a mechanistic simulation for DNA damage as part of the Geant4-DNA project. Using this application, we irradiated a model of an E. coli genome, showing that for electron irradiation > 10 keV, the double strand break yield can be reasonably estimated to be between 0.006 – 0.010 DSB Gy-1 Mbp-1, depending upon the modelling of radical scavenging. This is in agreement with experimental data, further highlighting the small role natural ionising radation plays as a cause of mutations

Towards photon radiotherapy treatment planning with high Z nanoparticle radiosensitisation agents: The Relative Biological Effective Dose (RBED) framework

A novel treatment planning framework, the Relative Biological Effective Dose (RBED), for high Z nanoparticle (NP)-enhanced photon radiotherapy is developed and tested in silico for the medical exemplar of neoadjuvant (preoperative) breast cancer MV photon radiotherapy. Two different treatment scenarios, conventional and high Z NP enhanced, were explored with a custom Geant4 application that was developed to emulate the administration of a single 2 Gy fraction as part of a 50 Gy radiotherapy treatment plan. It was illustrated that there was less than a 1% difference in the dose deposition throughout the standard and high Z NP-doped adult female phantom. Application of the RBED framework found that the extent of possible biological response with high Z NP doping was great than expected via the dose deposition alone. It is anticipated that this framework will assist the scientific community in future high Z NP-enhanced in-silico, pre-clinical and clinical trials

Low-energy electron dose-point kernel simulations using new physics models implemented in Geant4-DNA

International audienceWhen low-energy electrons, such as Auger electrons, interact with liquid water, they induce highly localized ionizing energy depositions over ranges comparable to cell diameters. Monte Carlo track structure (MCTS) codes are suitable tools for performing dosimetry at this level. One of the main MCTS codes, Geant4-DNA, is equipped with only two sets of cross section models for low-energy electron interactions in liquid water (“option 2” and its improved version, “option 4”). To provide Geant4-DNA users with new alternative physics models, a set of cross sections, extracted from CPA100 MCTS code, have been added to Geant4-DNA. This new version is hereafter referred to as “Geant4-DNA-CPA100”.In this study, “Geant4-DNA-CPA100” was used to calculate low-energy electron dose-point kernels (DPKs) between 1 keV and 200 keV. Such kernels represent the radial energy deposited by an isotropic point source, a parameter that is useful for dosimetry calculations in nuclear medicine. In order to assess the influence of different physics models on DPK calculations, DPKs were calculated using the existing Geant4-DNA models (“option 2” and “option 4”), newly integrated CPA100 models, and the PENELOPE Monte Carlo code used in step-by-step mode for monoenergetic electrons. Additionally, a comparison was performed of two sets of DPKs that were simulated with “Geant4-DNA-CPA100” – the first set using Geant4′s default settings, and the second using CPA100′s original code default settings.A maximum difference of 9.4% was found between the Geant4-DNA-CPA100 and PENELOPE DPKs. Between the two Geant4-DNA existing models, slight differences, between 1 keV and 10 keV were observed. It was highlighted that the DPKs simulated with the two Geant4-DNA’s existing models were always broader than those generated with “Geant4-DNA-CPA100”. The discrepancies observed between the DPKs generated using Geant4-DNA’s existing models and “Geant4-DNA-CPA100” were caused solely by their different cross sections. The different scoring and interpolation methods used in CPA100 and Geant4 to calculate DPKs showed differences close to 3.0% near the source

Monte Carlo Simulation of SARS-CoV-2 Radiation-Induced Inactivation for Vaccine Development

Immunization with an inactivated virus is one of the strategies currently being tested towards developing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. One of the methods used to inactivate viruses is exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation to damage their nucleic acids. Although gamma-rays effectively induce lesions in the RNA, envelope proteins are also highly damaged in the process. This in turn may alter their antigenic properties, affecting their capacity to induce an adaptive immune response able to confer effective protection. Here, we modelled the impact of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on SARS-CoV-2 using the Monte Carlo toolkit Geant4-DNA. With a realistic 3D target virus model, we calculated the expected number of lesions in the spike and membrane proteins, as well as in the viral RNA. We show that gamma-rays produce significant spike protein damage, but densely ionizing charged particles induce less membrane damage for the same level of RNA lesions, because a single ion traversal through the nuclear envelope is sufficient to inactivate the virus. We propose that accelerated charged particles produce inactivated viruses with little structural damage to envelope proteins, thereby representing a new and effective tool for developing vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses

Mechanistic DNA damage simulations in Geant4-DNA Part 2: Electron and proton damage in a bacterial cell

We extended a generic Geant4 application for mechanistic DNA damage simulations to an Escherichia coli cell geometry, finding electron damage yields and proton damage yields largely in line with experimental results. Depending on the simulation of radical scavenging, electrons double strand breaks (DSBs) yields range from 0.004 to 0.010 DSB Gy-1 Mbp-1, while protons have yields ranging from 0.004 DSB Gy-1 Mbp-1 at low LETs and with strict assumptions concerning scavenging, up to 0.020 DSB Gy-1 Mbp-1 at high LETs and when scavenging is weakest. Mechanistic DNA damage simulations can provide important limits on the extent to which physical processes can impact biology in low background experiments. We demonstrate the utility of these studies for low dose radiation biology calculating that in E. coli, the median rate at which the radiation background induces double strand breaks is 2.8 × 10-8 DSB day-1, significantly less than the mutation rate per generation measured in E. coli, which is on the order of 10-3