Contributions to the Study of Seljuq Institutions.

After an introductory chapter on the territorial structure of the Great Seljuq Empire, the thesis aims at describing various Seljuq institutions, and the conditions under which they developed. The functions of the central government, the military organisation and the position of the Turkish aimirs to the state are discussed. An outline is given of provincial government and local administration, and some aspects of urban life are briefly examined. The last chapter deals with the attitude of the Great Seljuqs towards the caliphate. In giving a general outline of some of the most important features of the Great Seljuq period, an attempt has been made to present a more detailed account of these institutions than has been hitherto available

Farmer attitudes to injurious pecking in laying hens and to potential control strategies

PublishedFarmers' recognition of health and welfare problems, and their responses to related intervention programmes, such as those to reduce injurious pecking in hens, directly influence the welfare of animals in their care. Changing those responses can be achieved through a re-positioning of social drivers as well as from individual behaviour. This study begins by considering how certain levels of plumage damage become normalised while others might be considered unacceptable. Drawing upon in-depth farmer interviews, the study investigates how management practices for addressing the issue of injurious pecking are developed and enacted, looking at the relative influence of intrinsic and extrinsic individual behavioural factors. Twelve farmers with varied uptake of evidence-based management strategies designed to reduce levels of injurious pecking were interviewed. Although farmers ranked images of flocks with various levels of plumage damage in a similar order to scientists, their perception of levels of injurious pecking in their own flocks varied, and was not consistently associated with the actual levels measured. Most farmers recognised both financial and welfare implications of injurious pecking and expressed pride in having a good-looking flock. The popular management strategies were those designed to redirect pecking to other objects, whereas a substantial barrier to uptake was the perception of creating other problems: for example, mislaid eggs if early access to litter and range were adopted. To achieve uptake of knowledge that improves animal welfare on-farm, it may be necessary both to shift the norms perceived as acceptable, and to overcome barriers to change that include lack of time and understanding, by providing impartial advice and facilitation of ownership of the issues.Tubney Charitable Trus

A risk assessment for visual only meat inspection of both indoor and outdoor pigs within the UK

The current system of post-mortem inspection using the typical macroscopic inspection techniques is ineffective identifying the most common foodborne illenss risks, e.g. Salmonella or Campylobacter. Therefore, there is a need to adopt a more appropriate, risk-based approach to meat inspection

Secret societies and the Persian Revolution of 1905–6

Donated by Klaus KreiserReprinted from in : St. Antony's Papers, No. 4, 1958

İktâ üzerine düşünceler

Ortaçağ İranı’ndaki toplum ve toprak kullanım hakları ile Batı Avrupa feodalizminin belli türleri arasındaki bir takım yüzeysel benzerlikler, feodalizm teriminin biraz gevşek bir şekilde İran’daki toplum ve hükümete atfını cesaretlendirmiştir. Dahası, feodalizm nasıl ki Fransız Devrimi esnasında eski rejimin birçok suistimalini kapsayacak şekilde genelleyici bir tanımlama olarak benimsendiyse, 1 yakın zamanlarda da İran’la ilgili yanlış kullanılmaya başlanan bir terim olmuştur. Bu terimin yanlış kullanımını bir kenara bırakarak, kelimenin dar anlamıyla İran toplumunun, hukukî anlamıyla da İran kurumlarının feodal olarak tanımlanıp tanımlanmayacağını incelemek biraz ilgi çekici olabilir. Ortaçağ İranı’nda çoğunlukla feodal olarak kabul edilen kurum çeşitli yönleriyle iktâdır. İktâ, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu’nun ([428-551]/1037-1157) baskın bir kurumuydu. İktâlar Selçuklular’dan önce yöneticiler tarafından bağışlanıyordu, fakat Büyük Selçuklular döneminde adeta düzenli bir kurum haline geldi. Bu sistem, farklı adlarla da olsa esas itibariyle İran’da XX. yüzyıla kadar devam etti. Bu sistemin ve kökenlerinin incelenmesi İran’da feodalizmin varlığına veya aksine ışık tutacaktır. Makalenin devamında ben yeni bir çığır açmayacağım, daha ziyade bir başka yerde ulaşılmış sonuçları yeniden ifade edeceğim; [bu bakımdan] Profesör Claude Cahen tarafından iktânın gelişimi ile ilgili yapılmış olan çalışmaya borçlu olduğumun bilincindeyim