A Western Australian Story: A Mixed Method Study Exploring Nutrition Knowledge, Food Intake, Influences on Food Choice, Body Image and Eating Attitudes of University Students

Emerging adults are fast gaining recognition as an important target group for health promotion as previous research indicates very few are meeting dietary guidelines, often consuming foods that have increased saturated fats, sugar and sodium. These eating patterns place this group at higher risk of developing chronic illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Understanding how and why these eating patterns develop is important to help establish healthy eating behaviours and greater compliance to Australian Dietary Guidelines – Recommended Daily Serves (ADG-RDS) for emerging adults. International research has focused on eating habits, weight gain patterns and possible influences on behaviour however, there is limited research that explores these issues in an Australian context. Consequently, this sequential, mix-methods study aimed to: 1. investigate the level of nutrition knowledge and identify the sources of nutrition information used by emerging adults 2. identify the nutrition information emerging adults want and how best to deliver these messages so they are perceived as relevant for this group 3. explore associations between correct ADG-RDS knowledge, influences on nutrition knowledge, eating behaviour and actual food group intake 4. explore the association between level of body satisfaction, eating attitudes and actual food group intake The first phase of research involved qualitative data collection, from gender separated focus groups comprising four female groups (n=31) and four male groups (n=18) (Chapter Three). The focus groups interviews investigated the level of awareness of ADG-RDS, sources of nutrition knowledge, influences on eating behaviour and perception of current health promotion nutrition messages. The results indicated that participants identified a general awareness of ADG-RDS, however, confusion regarding serving sizes for different food groups was apparent. Social media was identified as both a source on nutrition knowledge and an influence on eating behaviour due to its impact on perceived body ideals. While there was acknowledgement that not all information was credible, there was also a strong tendency to follow the information regardless of the qualifications of the person providing the information, if they believed that it could provide the appearance related ideals they desired. Current health promotion messages were perceived as irrelevant because they focused on long term health consequences of poor diet. Consequently, participants indicated not following the dietary guidelines was a deliberate choice as health risks were not a priority for them. The major motivator for changing eating behaviour was identified as weight gain or appearance concerns. The findings of the focus group interviews informed the development of a survey tool to assess level of knowledge regarding ADG-RDS and influences on nutrition knowledge, eating behaviour and food purchases. Food intake was measured by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) that indicated consumption of individual food items over the previous four weeks. Body satisfaction was measured using Body Part Satisfaction Scale (BPSS-R) and eating attitudes using EAT-16. The survey was pilot tested among the target population (n=18) and was found to be valid and reliable. Subsequently, the second phase of the research quantitatively examined level of knowledge of ADG-RDS and food intake (FFQ) among university students (n=287) (Chapter Five). The influences on nutrition knowledge, eating behaviour and food purchase and their relationship to level of knowledge (ADG-RDS) and food intake (FFQ) were examined (Chapter Six). Body satisfaction (BPSS-R) and its relationship to food intake (FFQ), and influences on knowledge, eating behaviour and food purchases were also explored (Chapter Seven). Finally, associations between eating attitudes (EAT-16), food intake (FFQ), influences on knowledge, eating behaviour, food purchases and level of body satisfaction (BPSS-R) were examined (Chapter Eight). Key findings indicated that knowledge of ADG-RDS for fruit and vegetables was consistent with the Go for 2 & 5 campaign message however, the majority chose the ‘don’t know’ option for RDS of all food groups confirming knowledge gaps. Correct knowledge was associated with fruit and vegetable consumption closer to ADG-RDS. Males were more likely to consume closer to ADG- RDS for meat, fish & eggs, dairy and grains than females (Chapter Five). School nutrition programs were identified as the largest influence on nutrition knowledge, but this was not associated with actual food intake. Parents were identified as the largest influencer on eating behaviour, and this was associated with higher intakes of meat, fish and eggs as well as baked goods and snacks (discretionary food). Half of all participants identified Instagram and Facebook as an influence on both nutrition knowledge and eating behaviour, while food purchases were influenced by price, taste and convenience (Chapter Six). Correct nutrition knowledge was not associated with higher levels of body satisfaction. There was a negative association between weight and other appearance concerns and body satisfaction, and eating behaviour influenced by social media was associated with lower levels of body satisfaction, particularly for females (Chapter Seven). Correct knowledge (ADG-RDS) was associated with higher EAT-16 scores indicating more risk of disordered eating. The influence of social media, weight and appearance concerns were all associated with higher EAT-16 scores, indicating a higher risk of disordered eating. Lower levels of body satisfaction were also associated with higher EAT-16 score for both males and females (Chapter Eight). A novel finding that emerged from this Western Australian story was that emerging adults appear to make a deliberate choice not to follow ADG-RDS. While the findings confirm gaps in nutrition knowledge for this age group it also identified that correct knowledge was not translated to eating behaviours. An important finding was that the influences on nutrition knowledge were different from the influences on eating behaviour. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights for health promotion and health education in Western Australia. The study highlights the importance of understanding the influences on nutrition knowledge and eating behaviour of university students. The current focus on health consequence of poor diet is being ignored by this group as there is no sense of urgency. The outcomes from this research suggest that health promotion messages that focus on positive ‘do’ messages and more immediate benefits related to weight and appearance are more likely to resonant with Australian emerging adults

Recall and recognition among conference interpreters

Among the tasks usually carried out by conference interpreters, the question was which task demands most attention or is the deepest in terms of the depth of processing hypothesis proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). Simultaneous interpretation is a complex form of human information processing, involving the perception, storage, retrieval, transformation and transmission of verbal information. Shadowing involves the imediate vocalization of auditorily presented stimuli in the same language, whereas simultaneous interpretation involves translation of the incoming message. Mic consecutive interpreter listens to a message in L1, makes concurrent notes in L2, and then delivers an oral translation of the original speech by way of his notes. In Experiment I, conference interpreters (both trainee and professional) shadowed, interpreted simultaneously and consecutively, as well as listeneýd to French passages before (a) recalling in English and (b) answering three recognition tests in source language measuring lexical, semantic and syntactic retention. Listening and consecutive interpretation, which yielded significantly higher recall scores than did shadowing, were considered deeper forms of processing than shadowing. Also, simultaneous listening and speaking impaired recall of the material. A second experiment eliminated the translation variable. Subjects listened to, shadowed and interpreted consecutively, English passages, followed by retention ffeasures in the same language. Only consecutive interpretation (labeled as 'consecutive reiteration') yielded scores that were significantly higher than shadowing. Listening and recalling in the same language demands less processing or effort than listening in one language and recalling in another. In a third experiment designed to examine the role played by notes, subjects (a) listened to, (b) interpreted a text consecutively and (c) took notes but had their notes unexpectedly removed and were asked to recall the original without rehearsal. Consecutive interpretation with notes kept during delivery yielded significantly higher retention scores than either other condition. Listening is as good a form of attending to a message as note-taking when notes are an external form of encoding. Notes coupled with review represent a useful strategy for subsequent recall but note-taking alone is of questionable value

‘Time' in Refugee Status Determination in Australia and the United Kingdom: A Clear and Present Danger from Armed Conflict?

'Time' plays an important role in refugee status determination (RSD) because whilst fear must be current, the fear relates to present or future risk. This article examines the role of time in RSD and how time impacts upon the granting of refugee protection. Thus it concentrates on the test of a 'well-founded fear' in article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention. Claims from persons fleeing armed conflict raise particular challenges because of the fluidity, unstable conditions, and protracted character of conflicts. Furthermore, the unpredictable nature of conflict means that people are, at times, already fleeing from harm that might well eventuate in the future but that is not yet current. Drawing on jurisprudence of the senior courts and appeal tribunals in Australia and the United Kingdom (UK), the article shows how these have long engaged with considerations of time in refugee matters. In determining who qualifies for refugee protection, courts and tribunals look backwards and forwards. Hidden within this process are assumptions about time that lie - almost invisibly - at the heart of the protection regime. When assessing whether a person has a 'well-founded fear' of being persecuted, the courts in Australia and the UK embrace a future-looking approach; a 'clear and present danger' is not required. The timeframe is that of the 'reasonably foreseeable future', situated somewhere between the 'not too remote' and the 'present or immediate future'. This necessarily contains a degree of predictive speculation, understood to mean an exercise in prediction falling short of fact-finding. To be sure, foreseeability and certainty of risk are not to be conflated. Yet, at times, conflation between the two has occurred (by courts and tribunals), leading to exclusionary practices and outcomes. This has been the case, for example, where the situation in the country of origin was relatively stable but nevertheless fluid, meaning that while there could be a significant risk in the future, the risk was low at the time the decision was made. Considering that armed conflict continues to be the main driver for people claiming refugee protection in Australia and the UK, how senior courts and appeal tribunals understand and apply the timeframe of reasonable foreseeability in fluid situations (between peace and conflict) is key. This article highlights some best practices in that regard, including ensuring that this timeframe does not expand and contract with the apparent certainty or uncertainty of a situation

Ydj1 governs fungal morphogenesis and stress response, and facilitates mitochondrial protein import via Mas1 and Mas2

We thank Zhen-Yuan Lin for help in the preparation of the AP-MS samples, and Cathy Collins for technical assistance. MDL is supported by a Sir Henry Wellcome Postdoctoral Fellowship (Wellcome Trust 096072), LEC is supported by a Canada Research Chair in Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease and by Cana-dian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Grants MOP-119520 and MOP-86452. OK is supported by National Insti-tutes of Health grant 5R01GM108975. A-CG is supported by a CIHR Foundation Grant (FDN143301), Genome Cana-da Genomics Innovation Network (GIN) Node and Tech-nical Development Grants, and a Canada Research Chair in Functional Proteomics. J-PL was supported by a TD Bank Health Research Fellowship at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute and by a Scholarship for the Next Gen-eration of Scientists from the Cancer Research Society. JLX is supported by a CIHR – Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship. The funding agencies had no role in the study design, data collection and inter-pretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer

Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy

Indigenous engagement in health: lessons from Brazil, Chile, Australia and New Zealand

Background: Given the persistence of Indigenous health inequities across national contexts, many countries have adopted strategies to improve the health of Indigenous peoples. Governmental recognition of the unique health needs of Indigenous populations is necessary for the development of targeted programs and policies to achieve universal health coverage. At the same time, the participation of Indigenous peoples in decision-making and program and policy design helps to ensure that barriers to health services are appropriately addressed and promotes the rights of Indigenous peoples to self-determination.&nbsp;Due to similar patterns of Indigenous health and health determinants across borders, there have been calls for greater global collaboration in this field. However, most international studies on Indigenous health policy link Anglo-settler democracies (Canada, Australia, Aotearoa/New Zealand and the United States), despite these countries representing a small fraction of the world&rsquo;s Indigenous people.Aim: This paper examines national-level policy in Australia, Brazil, Chile and New Zealand in relation to governmental recognition of differential Indigenous health needs and engagement with Indigenous peoples in health. The paper aims to examine how Indigenous health needs and engagement are addressed in national policy frameworks within each of the countries in order to contribute to the understanding of how to develop pro-equity policies within national health care systems.Methods: For each country, a review was undertaken of national policies and legislation to support engagement with, and participation of, Indigenous peoples in the identification of their health needs, development of programs and policies to address these needs and which demonstrate governmental recognition of differential Indigenous health needs. Government websites were searched as well as the following databases: Google, OpenGrey, CAB Direct, PubMed, Web of Science and WorldCat.Findings: Each of the four countries have adopted international agreements regarding the engagement of Indigenous peoples in health. However, there is significant variation in the extent to which the principles laid out in these agreements are reflected in national policy, legislation and practice. Brazil and New Zealand both have established national policies to facilitate engagement. In contrast, national policy to enable engagement is relatively lacking in Australia and Chile. Australia, Brazil and New Zealand each have significant initiatives and policy structures in place to address Indigenous health. However, in Brazil this is not necessarily reflected in practice and although New Zealand has national policies these have been recently reported as insufficient and, in fact, may be contributing to health inequity for Māori. In comparison to the other three countries, Chile has relatively few national initiatives or policies in place to support Indigenous engagement or recognise the distinct health needs of Indigenous communities.Conclusions: The adoption of international policy frameworks forms an important step in ensuring that Indigenous peoples are able to participate in the formation and implementation of health policy and programs. However, without the relevant principles being reflected in national legislature, international agreements hold little weight. At the same time, while a national legislative framework facilitates the engagement of Indigenous peoples, such policy may not necessarily translate into practice. Developing multi-level approaches that improve cohesion between international policy, national policy and practice in Indigenous engagement in health is therefore vital. Given that each of the four countries demonstrate strengths and weaknesses across this causal chain, cross-country policy examination provides guidance on strengthening these links.</div

A reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome including blindness caused by preeclampsia.

Complications of (pre)eclampsia may involve multiple systems and organs. Neurological symptoms may occur. Visual symptoms concern up to 25% the of patients with severe preeclampsia and 50% of the patients with eclampsia. An uncommon effect of severe preeclampsia is sudden blindness. Blindness may be part of a clinical and radiological presentation named Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES). PRES may lead to permanent neurological deficit, recurrences or death. We report the case of a 24-year-old Caucasian patient, gravida 5 para 2 who developed preeclampsia and PRES complicated with blindness at 32 weeks of gestation. Optimal care allowed visual symptoms to resolve within 24 hours and a favourable maternal outcome and no long- term sequelae. We describe different causes and manifestations of PRES and highlight the need for immediate care in order to optimize the chance of symptoms reversibility

Estimating the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in South Africa in 2000

Objectives. To quantify the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in persons 15 years or older, by age group and sex, in South Africa for 2000. Design. The global comparative risk assessment (CRA) methodology of the World Health Organization was followed to estimate the disease burden attributable to physical inactivity. Levels of physical activity for South Africa were obtained from the World Health Survey 2003. A theoretical minimum risk exposure of zero, associated outcomes, relative risks, and revised burden of disease estimates were used to calculate population-attributable fractions and the burden attributed to physical inactivity. Monte Carlo simulation-modelling techniques were used for the uncertainty analysis. Setting. South Africa. Subjects. Adults ≥ 15 years. Outcome measures. Deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, breast cancer, colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results. Overall in adults ≥ 15 years in 2000, 30% of ischaemic heart disease, 27% of colon cancer, 22% of ischaemic stroke, 20% of type 2 diabetes, and 17% of breast cancer were attributable to physical inactivity. Physical inactivity was estimated to have caused 17 037 (95% uncertainty interval 11 394 - 20 407), or 3.3% (95% uncertainty interval 2.2 - 3.9%) of all deaths in 2000, and 176 252 (95% uncertainty interval 133 733 - 203 628) DALYs, or 1.1% (95% uncertainty interval 0.8 - 1.3%) of all DALYs in 2000. Conclusions. Compared with other regions and the global average, South African adults have a particularly high prevalence of physical inactivity. In terms of attributable deaths, physical inactivity ranked 9th compared with other risk factors, and 12th in terms of DALYs. There is a clear need to assess why South Africans are particularly inactive, and to ensure that physical activity/inactivity is addressed as a national health priority