63 research outputs found

    Electrochemical characterization of YSZ thick films deposited by dip-coating process

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    Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 8% Y2O3) thick films were coated on dense alumina substrates by a dip-coating process. The suspension was obtained by addition of a polymeric matrix in a stable suspension of commercial YSZ (Tosoh) powders dispersed in an azeotropic mixture MEK–EtOH. The suspension composition was improved by the addition of YSZ Tosoh particles encapsulated by zirconium alkoxide sol containing yttrium nitrate which are the precursors of the 8-YSZ oxide. This optimal formulation allowed preparing, via a dip-coating process, thick films which were, after thermal treatment, homogeneous, dense and crack-free. A specific method was performed to measure the electrical conductivity, i.e. to determine the ionic conductivity of the film: it uses the four-point probe technique combined with ac impedance spectroscopy. The good agreement between the classical two-electrode measurements performed on YSZ pellets and the four-electrode ones performed on YSZ films allows concluding that this method is relevant for characterizing the transport properties of thick films

    Intermediate temperature SOFC single cell test using Nd1.95NiO4+ÎŽ as cathode

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    This work deals with SOFC single cell tests using neodymium nickelate Nd1.95NiO4+ή as cathode material. This MIEC oxide exhibits high values of both surface exchange coefficient (k) and oxygen diffusion coefficient (D*), as well as high electronic conductivity, which result in an enhanced electrochemical activity with respect to classical materials. The SOFC cells were fabricated from an anode-supported electrolyte half-cell provided by InDEC B.V. Corporation, with a 36mmdiameter. The Nd1.95NiO4+ή cathode was prepared as a two-stage electrode consisting of a thin interlayer of several hundred nanometers covered by a thicker layer of dozens microns. The Nd1.95NiO4+ή oxide powders were synthesized using different routes in order to reduce the final annealing temperature, and to subsequently obtain submicronic powders. I–V characteristics of the single cells were investigated under hydrogen–air conditions. The power densities versus current densities curves are reported and the results of impedance spectroscopy measurements performed under these operating conditions are discussed

    Étude de RĂ©duction et d’Oxydation de l’Anode d’une Pile Ă  Combustible Ă  Oxyde Solide Ă  Support Anode (SOFC)

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    Le but de cette Ă©tude est de comparer la microstructure de l’anode en fonction des conditions de rĂ©duction et lors de cycles redox. Pour rĂ©aliser ce projet, un code MathematicaÂź est dĂ©veloppĂ©. Celui-ci permet de traiter et d’analyser des images SEM pour en extraire la proportion des diffĂ©rentes phases, leur taille de grain et leur contiguĂŻtĂ©

    Addiction

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    The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of drug consumption rooms (DCRs) in France on injection equipment-sharing, while the secondary aims focused upon their impact on access to hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and opioid agonist treatment (OAT). The COhort to identify Structural and INdividual factors associated with drug USe (COSINUS cohort) was a 12-month longitudinal study of 665 people who inject drugs (PWID), conducted in Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Strasbourg. We used data from face-to-face interviews at enrolment and at 6-month and 12-month visits. The participants were recruited in harm reduction programmes in Bordeaux and Marseille and in DCRs in Strasbourg and Paris. Participants were aged more than 18 years, French-speaking and had injected substances the month before enrolment. We measured the impact of DCR exposure on injection equipment sharing, HCV testing and the use of medications for opioid use disorder, after adjustment for significant correlates. We used a two-step Heckman mixed-effects probit model, which allowed us to take into account the correlation of repeated measures and to control for potential bias due to non-randomization between the two groups (DCR-exposed versus DCR-unexposed participants). The difference of declared injection equipment sharing between PWID exposed to DCRs versus non-exposed was 10% (1% for those exposed versus 11% for those non-exposed, marginal effect = -0.10; 95% confidence interval = -0.18, -0.03); there was no impact of DCRs on HCV testing and OAT. In the French context, drug consumption rooms appear to have a positive impact on at-risk practices for infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus

    Synthesis and shaping of new cathode materials for ITSOFC fuel cell: fabrication and test cells

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    Le dĂ©veloppement des piles Ă  combustible Ă  oxyde solide SOFC est conditionnĂ© par un abaissement de la surtension cathodique mesurĂ©e Ă  600-700°C. Dans cette optique, une sĂ©lection de nouveaux matĂ©riaux de cathode a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e au laboratoire depuis quelques annĂ©es. Ainsi, les oxydes sur-stoechiomĂ©triques en oxygĂšne de type A2MO4+€ (structure K2NiF4) possĂšdent des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrocatalytiques et de conduction de l'oxygĂšne particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressantes. Une Ă©tude approfondie a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur les composĂ©s Nd2€xNiO4+€ (x = 0 et 0,05) : la rĂ©duction de l'oxygĂšne a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par spectroscopie d'impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique et par voltamĂ©trie (cellule en configuration symĂ©trique placĂ©e sous air). Les mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es sous diffĂ©rentes pressions partielles d'oxygĂšne et diverses surtensions cathodiques ont permis d'identifier les diverses contributions du mĂ©canisme de rĂ©duction du dioxygĂšne. L'utilisation de poudres de morphologie contrĂŽlĂ©e (issues de diffĂ©rentes voies de synthĂšse) a conduit Ă  rĂ©duire fortement les phĂ©nomĂšnes de polarisation d'Ă©lectrode, le transfert ionique Ă  l'interface cathode / Ă©lectrolyte restant l'Ă©tape limitante du processus. Par ailleurs, suite aux rĂ©sultats particuliĂšrement encourageants obtenus pour les cellules symĂ©triques (faibles rĂ©sistances spĂ©cifiques et surtensions cathodiques minimisĂ©es), les premiers tests en configuration de pile complĂšte ont pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©s. AprĂšs une optimisation des paramĂštres de mise en forme, i.e. sĂ©lection de la mĂ©thode de dĂ©pĂŽt et du cycle thermique de frittage adaptĂ©, des densitĂ©s de courant de l'ordre de 1,3 A/cm2 ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es Ă  0,7 V pour une tempĂ©rature de fonctionnement de 800°C.The development of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is dependent on the reduction of the cathodic overpotential measured at 600-700°C. In this way, in the last few years, we have made a selection from new cathode materials in the Institute; the oxygen over-stoichiometric oxides formulated A2MO4+ÎŽ (K2NiF4-type structure), show enhanced electrocatalytic and oxygen conduction properties. A detailed study was performed on the compositions Nd2-xNiO4+ÎŽ (x = 0 and 0.05): the oxygen reduction was characterised by impedance spectroscopy and voltametry measurements (symmetrical configuration cell under air).Electrochemical analysis carried out under different oxygen partial pressures and various cathodic overpotentials had led to identify the various contributions of the mechanism of the dioxygen reduction. Using powders with controlled morphology (coming from different synthesis ways) results in a reduction of the electrode polarisation phenomena, the limiting step of the process still remaining the interface cathode / electrolyte ionic transfer.In addition, due to these promising results (low area specific resistances and minimized cathodic overpotentials), the first tests in a complete fuel cell device were achieved. After an optimisation of the shaping parameters, i.e. selection of the suitable coatingprocess and of the sintering thermal cycle, current densities of 1,3 A/cm2, at 0,7 V have been measured at 800°C, the operating temperature

    Évaporation de gouttes sessiles : hydrodynamique et morphologie des dĂ©pĂŽts salins

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    In humid environments, the formation of sessile droplets containing pollutants, such as sodium chloride, on certain materials can lead to atmospheric corrosion phenomena. The prediction and understanding of these corrosion phenomena are closely linked to the dynamics of the droplet, and in particular to its evaporation. Ambient parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, substrate material as well as the composition of the droplet, e.g. its pollutant concentration, modify the evaporation dynamics and influence the characteristic time of corrosion. Salt deposits left after evaporation show complex hydrodynamics and indicate potential corrosion sites. Anticipating corrosion zones is crucial in many industrial applications to limit material degradation. This study seeks to better understand the evaporation dynamics of sessile droplets,through parametric studies, with numerical simulations and experimental tests. Pure water droplets are first considered, in order to simplify the studied system and to analyze the different modes. Droplets of saline solution are studied in a second time. During evaporation, salt concentrates inhomogeneously inside the droplet causing surface tension gradients. These stresses along the interface, called Marangoni stresses, give rise to internal flows. Depending on the initial concentration of pollutant, the relative humidity, and the size of the droplet, the morphology of the resulting salt deposits is analyzed.Polluants, comme le chlorure de sodium, sur certains matĂ©riaux peut conduire Ă  des phĂ©nomĂšnes de corrosion atmosphĂ©rique. La prĂ©diction et la comprĂ©hension de ces phĂ©nomĂšnes de corrosion sont Ă©troitement liĂ©es Ă  la dynamique de la goutte, et notamment Ă  l’évaporation de celle-ci. Les paramĂštres ambiants comme l’humiditĂ© relative, la tempĂ©rature, le matĂ©riau du substrat ainsi que la composition de la goutte, par exemple sa concentration en polluant, modifient la dynamique d’évaporation et influencent le temps caractĂ©ristique de la corrosion. Les dĂ©pĂŽts laissĂ©s aprĂšs Ă©vaporation tĂ©moignent d’une hydrodynamique complexe et indiquent les potentiels sites de corrosion. Anticiper les zones de corrosion se rĂ©vĂšle crucial dans de nombreuses applications industrielles pour limiter la dĂ©gradation des matĂ©riaux. Cette Ă©tude cherche Ă  mieux comprendre la dynamique d’évaporation des gouttes sessiles, Ă  travers des Ă©tudes paramĂ©triques, avec des simulations numĂ©riques et des essais expĂ©rimentaux. Des gouttes d’eau pure sont considĂ©rĂ©es dans un premier temps, afin de simplifier le systĂšme Ă©tudiĂ© et d’analyser les diffĂ©rents modes. Des gouttes de solution saline sont Ă©tudiĂ©es dans un second temps. Lors de l’évaporation le sel se concentre de façon non homogĂšne Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de la goutte entraĂźnant des gradients de tension de surface. Ces contraintes le long de l’interface, dites de Marangoni, donnent naissance Ă  des Ă©coulements internes. En fonction de la concentration initiale en polluant, de l’humiditĂ© relative, et de la taille de la goutte la morphologie des dĂ©pĂŽts salins qui en rĂ©sulte est analysĂ©e

    Évaporation de gouttes sessiles : hydrodynamique et morphologie des dĂ©pĂŽts salins

    No full text
    In humid environments, the formation of sessile droplets containing pollutants, such as sodium chloride, on certain materials can lead to atmospheric corrosion phenomena. The prediction and understanding of these corrosion phenomena are closely linked to the dynamics of the droplet, and in particular to its evaporation. Ambient parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, substrate material as well as the composition of the droplet, e.g. its pollutant concentration, modify the evaporation dynamics and influence the characteristic time of corrosion. Salt deposits left after evaporation show complex hydrodynamics and indicate potential corrosion sites. Anticipating corrosion zones is crucial in many industrial applications to limit material degradation. This study seeks to better understand the evaporation dynamics of sessile droplets,through parametric studies, with numerical simulations and experimental tests. Pure water droplets are first considered, in order to simplify the studied system and to analyze the different modes. Droplets of saline solution are studied in a second time. During evaporation, salt concentrates inhomogeneously inside the droplet causing surface tension gradients. These stresses along the interface, called Marangoni stresses, give rise to internal flows. Depending on the initial concentration of pollutant, the relative humidity, and the size of the droplet, the morphology of the resulting salt deposits is analyzed.Polluants, comme le chlorure de sodium, sur certains matĂ©riaux peut conduire Ă  des phĂ©nomĂšnes de corrosion atmosphĂ©rique. La prĂ©diction et la comprĂ©hension de ces phĂ©nomĂšnes de corrosion sont Ă©troitement liĂ©es Ă  la dynamique de la goutte, et notamment Ă  l’évaporation de celle-ci. Les paramĂštres ambiants comme l’humiditĂ© relative, la tempĂ©rature, le matĂ©riau du substrat ainsi que la composition de la goutte, par exemple sa concentration en polluant, modifient la dynamique d’évaporation et influencent le temps caractĂ©ristique de la corrosion. Les dĂ©pĂŽts laissĂ©s aprĂšs Ă©vaporation tĂ©moignent d’une hydrodynamique complexe et indiquent les potentiels sites de corrosion. Anticiper les zones de corrosion se rĂ©vĂšle crucial dans de nombreuses applications industrielles pour limiter la dĂ©gradation des matĂ©riaux. Cette Ă©tude cherche Ă  mieux comprendre la dynamique d’évaporation des gouttes sessiles, Ă  travers des Ă©tudes paramĂ©triques, avec des simulations numĂ©riques et des essais expĂ©rimentaux. Des gouttes d’eau pure sont considĂ©rĂ©es dans un premier temps, afin de simplifier le systĂšme Ă©tudiĂ© et d’analyser les diffĂ©rents modes. Des gouttes de solution saline sont Ă©tudiĂ©es dans un second temps. Lors de l’évaporation le sel se concentre de façon non homogĂšne Ă  l’intĂ©rieur de la goutte entraĂźnant des gradients de tension de surface. Ces contraintes le long de l’interface, dites de Marangoni, donnent naissance Ă  des Ă©coulements internes. En fonction de la concentration initiale en polluant, de l’humiditĂ© relative, et de la taille de la goutte la morphologie des dĂ©pĂŽts salins qui en rĂ©sulte est analysĂ©e

    Synthesis and shaping of new cathode materials for ITSOFC fuel cell: fabrication and test cells

    No full text
    Le dĂ©veloppement des piles Ă  combustible Ă  oxyde solide SOFC est conditionnĂ© par un abaissement de la surtension cathodique mesurĂ©e Ă  600-700°C. Dans cette optique, une sĂ©lection de nouveaux matĂ©riaux de cathode a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e au laboratoire depuis quelques annĂ©es. Ainsi, les oxydes sur-stoechiomĂ©triques en oxygĂšne de type A2MO4+€ (structure K2NiF4) possĂšdent des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrocatalytiques et de conduction de l'oxygĂšne particuliĂšrement intĂ©ressantes. Une Ă©tude approfondie a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur les composĂ©s Nd2€xNiO4+€ (x = 0 et 0,05) : la rĂ©duction de l'oxygĂšne a Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©e par spectroscopie d'impĂ©dance Ă©lectrochimique et par voltamĂ©trie (cellule en configuration symĂ©trique placĂ©e sous air). Les mesures rĂ©alisĂ©es sous diffĂ©rentes pressions partielles d'oxygĂšne et diverses surtensions cathodiques ont permis d'identifier les diverses contributions du mĂ©canisme de rĂ©duction du dioxygĂšne. L'utilisation de poudres de morphologie contrĂŽlĂ©e (issues de diffĂ©rentes voies de synthĂšse) a conduit Ă  rĂ©duire fortement les phĂ©nomĂšnes de polarisation d'Ă©lectrode, le transfert ionique Ă  l'interface cathode / Ă©lectrolyte restant l'Ă©tape limitante du processus. Par ailleurs, suite aux rĂ©sultats particuliĂšrement encourageants obtenus pour les cellules symĂ©triques (faibles rĂ©sistances spĂ©cifiques et surtensions cathodiques minimisĂ©es), les premiers tests en configuration de pile complĂšte ont pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©s. AprĂšs une optimisation des paramĂštres de mise en forme, i.e. sĂ©lection de la mĂ©thode de dĂ©pĂŽt et du cycle thermique de frittage adaptĂ©, des densitĂ©s de courant de l'ordre de 1,3 A/cm2 ont Ă©tĂ© mesurĂ©es Ă  0,7 V pour une tempĂ©rature de fonctionnement de 800°C.The development of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is dependent on the reduction of the cathodic overpotential measured at 600-700°C. In this way, in the last few years, we have made a selection from new cathode materials in the Institute; the oxygen over-stoichiometric oxides formulated A2MO4+ÎŽ (K2NiF4-type structure), show enhanced electrocatalytic and oxygen conduction properties. A detailed study was performed on the compositions Nd2-xNiO4+ÎŽ (x = 0 and 0.05): the oxygen reduction was characterised by impedance spectroscopy and voltametry measurements (symmetrical configuration cell under air).Electrochemical analysis carried out under different oxygen partial pressures and various cathodic overpotentials had led to identify the various contributions of the mechanism of the dioxygen reduction. Using powders with controlled morphology (coming from different synthesis ways) results in a reduction of the electrode polarisation phenomena, the limiting step of the process still remaining the interface cathode / electrolyte ionic transfer.In addition, due to these promising results (low area specific resistances and minimized cathodic overpotentials), the first tests in a complete fuel cell device were achieved. After an optimisation of the shaping parameters, i.e. selection of the suitable coatingprocess and of the sintering thermal cycle, current densities of 1,3 A/cm2, at 0,7 V have been measured at 800°C, the operating temperature
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