Descripción anatómica del esqueleto apendicular del carpincho (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)

El “carpincho” es una de las especies autóctonas del nordeste argentino y asume importancia económica, evidenciada por los numerosos programas nacionales y regionales para su explotación. La información anatómica sobre el esqueleto apendicular de esta especie es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los huesos de las extremidades (esqueleto apendicular) del Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, ordenados topográficamente de proximal a distal, utilizando la nomenclatura anatómica veterinaria, así como compararlos con los de otras especies. Los huesos se obtuvieron por maceración, siendo luego tratados con hipoclorito de sodio al 20%. Las descripciones anatómicas se avalaron con registros fotográficos. El análisis osteológico apendicular comprendió cuatro segmentos, tanto para miembros anteriores (escápula, brazo, antebrazo, mano) como posteriores (coxal, muslo, pierna, pie), los cuales revelaron particularidades osteológicas propias de la especie. Se espera que los estudios anatómicos de H. hydrochaeris contribuyan a mejorar su manejo sanitario y productivo

A systematic review and meta-analysis on effect of beta-blockers in severe traumatic brain injury

Systematically review the medical literature for the impact of beta-blockers on mortality and functional capacity in patients who suffered severe traumatic brain injury. The search included MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Ovid Evidence-Based Medicine, clinical trial registries, and bibliographies. All articles that reported outcome in TBI patients treated with beta-blockers.Publication year, number of patients, outcome and follow-up. We performed a meta-analysis for each variable for which there were sufficient data to estimate mean differences. 12 studies were included, which involved retrospectively and prospectively collected data on 14,057 patients. The treatment with beta-blockers was associated with a reduction in mortality in patients who were treated with beta-blockers compared to the control group (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.30–0.54p = <0.00001), with acceptable heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 65% p = 0.00008). Beta-blocker therapy decreases the risk of negative neurological and functional outcomes (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92 p = <0.00001), a very high statistical heterogeneity between the included studies (I2 = 80% p = 0.00004), being able to influence the results. An increase in favorable neurological and functional outcomes is shown (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07–1.31 p = 0.001) with acceptable heterogeneity (I2 = 52% p = 0.08). The beta-blockers therapy is associated with significantly improves outcome in patients with TBI. Treatment with beta-blockers in patients with TBI is a promising frontier in neurotraum

Effect of a Brain–Computer Interface Based on Pedaling Motor Imagery on Cortical Excitability and Connectivity

Recently, studies on cycling-based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been standing out due to their potential for lower-limb recovery. In this scenario, the behaviors of the sensory motor rhythms and the brain connectivity present themselves as sources of information that can contribute to interpreting the cortical effect of these technologies. This study aims to analyze how sensory motor rhythms and cortical connectivity behave when volunteers command reactive motor imagery (MI) BCI that provides passive pedaling feedback. We studied 8 healthy subjects who performed pedaling MI to command an electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI with a motorized pedal to receive passive movements as feedback. The EEG data were analyzed under the following four conditions: resting, MI calibration, MI online, and receiving passive pedaling (on-line phase). Most subjects produced, over the foot area, significant event-related desynchronization (ERD) patterns around Cz when performing MI and receiving passive pedaling. The sharpest decrease was found for the low beta band. The connectivity results revealed an exchange of information between the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal regions during MI and passive pedaling. Our findings point to the primary motor cortex activation for most participants and the connectivity between SMA and parietal regions during pedaling MI and passive pedaling

MageA6 and MageA11 co-expression in prostate cancer.

<p>Analysis of cBioPortal Cancer Genomics data sets form Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Testicular Germ Cell Cancer (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0178370#sec002" target="_blank">Material and Methods</a>) as indicated in the two main columns. Gene overexpression was calculated by Z-score, defined as the relative expression of an individual gene to the gene’s expression distribution in a reference population. The indicated percent of over-expression refers to the number of samples over-expressing a given gene over the total of samples. Dot-plot graphics shows the correlation between MageA6 and MageA11 gene expression. Insets indicate Pearson and Spearman correlation scores.</p

MageA6 expression increases MageA11 protein levels.

<p>(A)Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 when co-expressed with increasing quantities of HA-MageA6 (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ng). GFP expression is the internal control. Membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. (B) Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 when co-expressed with increasing quantities of HA-MHD-MageA6 (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ng). GFP expression is the internal control. Membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. (C) Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 when co-expressed with increasing quantities of HA-MageA2 (0, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ng). GFP expression is the internal control. Membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. (D) Western blot of LNCaP cells silenced (siA6/2) or not (siC) for MageA6 expression. Anti-pan MAGE-A antibody (6C1, Santa Cruz) was used to detect Mage-A proteins. 65KDa band corresponds to MageA11 while 45KDa band could correspond to different Mage-A proteins. GAPDH was used as loading control. (E)Left panel: Western Blot showing the endogenous levels of MageA11 in LNCaP stably expressing MageA6 (A6) or empty vector (EV). Extracts of HEK293T cells transfected with Flag-MageA11 (F-A11), HA-MageA6 (HA-A6) or empty vector (EV) were used as controls. MAGE-A detection was performed with anti-pan MAGE antibody (6C1, Santa Cruz). 65KDa band corresponds to MageA11 while 45KDa band could correspond to different Mage-A proteins. The observed increment in 45KDa band in LNCaP-A6 is caused by MageA6 stable expression. Right panel: quantification of MAGE-A11 vs β-tubulin band intensity corresponding to Fig 4E, lanes 4 and 5. (F) RT-qPCR for the determination of MageA11 mRNA levels in LNCaP-A6 (A6) and LNCaP-EV (EV). MageA11 mRNA was normalized to GAPDH mRNA levels. (G) RT-qPCR for the determination of PSA mRNA levels in LNCaP-A6 (A6) and LNCaP-EV (EV). PSA mRNA was normalized to GAPDH mRNA levels. Error bars indicate mean S.D. Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis. ** p < 0.001. * unspecific band. Triangles show the corresponding protein band and dashes mark the MW.</p

MageA6 enhances MageA11-dependent AR transcriptional activity.

<p>(A) Reporter gene assay for GR, MR and AR activity using specific gene-reporter in the presence or absence of MageA6 or MageA11 expression. Cells were treated with dexamethasone (Dx), Aldosterone (Aldo) or dihidrotestosterone (DHT) for 24 h prior to harvesting. The assay was performed in HEK293T cells. ev, empty vector. (B) Similar to A but combining MageA11 and MageA6 expression as indicated. (C) Determination of PSA mRNA levels through RT-qPCR. LNCaP cells were transfected with a siRNA control (siC) or a siRNA to silence MageA6 expression (siA6/2). DHT was added to cells as indicated. PSA mRNA levels were normalized to GAPDH mRNA levels. Error bars indicate mean S.D. Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis. * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.001.</p

Proteasome-dependent increase of MageA11 by MageA6 expression.

<p>(A)Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 alone or when co-expressed with HA-MageA6 after 0, 3 and 6 hours of cycloheximide (CHX) treatment. The membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. (B) Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 expression in the presence of MG132 (1,5uM for 20h) or absence of MG132 (DMSO) after 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours of cycloheximide (CHX) treatment. The membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. (C) Western blot showing Flag-MageA11 levels alone or when co-expressed with HA-MageA6 in the presence of MG132 or absence of MG132 (DMSO). GFP expression is the internal control. Membrane was probed with the indicated antibodies. *Unspecific band. Triangles show the corresponding protein band and dashes mark the MW.</p