Alternatives of synthetic chemicals – chemicals derived from foods and related materials

Foods are composed of numerous chemicals, each of them work individually or synergistically inside the living organism for a specific reaction supporting the life processes. To date, the efficacy of these chemicals in industrial processes has been explored to a limited extent. In fact, chemicals derived from food have great potential to be used in multi-disciplinary sciences and in numerous applications. Synthetic chemicals might be replaced by the natural resources in the future which will also reduce the environmental impact of hazardous and toxic chemicals. The present article gathers a few examples of chemicals derived from food or related materials and shows how worthy they are in various fields, ranging from radiopharmaceuticals to alternative mining of precious metals. In a nutshell, the article puts forward a few simple ways through which research may adjoin the greener mandates and help in maintaining the sustainability of our environment

Production of 163Ho Radioisotope via Induced Nuclear Reaction by Proton and Deuteron : Comparison of Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Data

The main goal of the Electron Capture 163Ho (ECHO) project is to determine the mass of neutrino. In view of the ECHO experiment necessity of production of pure 163Ho source has been realized as it offers low Q value ~2.8 keV to the Electron Capture process. However, production of long lived (4570y) 163Ho radionuclides is a challenging task. Very few experimental data are exist in the literature, which could be used to decide which nuclear reactions can be used for production of 163Ho. The cyclotron based nuclear reactions are as follows: 163Dy(p,n)163Ho, 163Dy(d,2n)163Ho, 164Dy(p,2n)163Ho, natDy(α,xn)163Er→163Ho, 159Tb(7Li,3n)163Er→163Ho, 159Tb(7Li,p2n)163Ho and the 162Er(d,n)163Tm, 164Er(p,2n)163Tm. 163Tm decays to 163Ho through 163Er. The most potential nuclear reactions among them, are the (d,xn) and (p,xn). The excitation function of these reactions are collected and compared

Automated unit for separation of arsenic with iron doped calcium alginate

The prototype of instrument was planned and under the developing for separation of arsenic from drinking water. The highly iron doped calcium alginate is the chemical agent to keep the arsenic species (anions in III and V oxidation stage) on the gel column. The objective is to enrich the capability of production at a concentration of 10 g L-1 arsenic in 1 m3 of purified water with cost less than 4 USD. During the developing 77As and 75Se radioisotopes traced the separation. The PLC automated system unit can communicate even trough satellite, and the alginate waste satisfies the “green chemistry” terminolog

Production cross section of At radionuclides from 7^{7}Li+nat^{\textrm{nat}}Pb and 9^{9}Be+nat^{\textrm{nat}}Tl reactions

Earlier we reported theoretical studies on the probable production of astatine radionuclides from $^{6,7}$Li and $^{9}$Be-induced reactions on natural lead and thalliun targets, respectively. For the first time, in this report, production of astatine radionuclides has been investigated experimentally with two heavy ion induced reactions: $^{9}$Be+$^{\textrm{nat}}$Tl and $^{7}$Li+$^{\textrm{nat}}$Pb. Formation cross sections of the evaporation residues, $^{207,208,209,210}$At, produced in (HI, xn) channel, have been measured by the stacked-foil technique followed by the off-line $\gamma$-spectrometry at the low incident energies ($<$50 MeV). Measured excitation functions have been explained in terms of compound nuclear reaction mechanism using Weisskopf-Ewing and Hauser-Feshbach model. Absolute cross section values are lower than the respective theoretical predictions.Comment: 11 pages 6 figure

An attempt to explore the production routes of Astatine radionuclides: Theoretical approach

In order to fulfil the recent thrust of Astatine radionuclides in the field of nuclear medicine various production routes have been explored in the present work. The possible production routes of $^{209-211}$At comprise both light and heavy ion induced reactions at the bombarding energy range starting from threshold to maximum 100 MeV energy. For this purpose, we have used the nuclear reaction model codes TALYS, ALICE91 and PACE-II. Excitation functions of those radionuclides, produced through various production routes, have been calculated using nuclear reaction model codes and compared with the available measured data. Contribution of various reaction mechanisms, like, direct, preequilibrium and equilibrium reactions, to the total reaction cross section has been studied using the codes. Result shows that equilibrium reaction mechanism dominates in all cases over other reaction mechanisms

Online chemical adsorption studies of Hg, Tl, and Pb on SiO2 and Au surfaces in preparation for chemical investigations on Cn, Nh, and Fl at TASCA

Online gas-solid adsorption studies with single-atom quantities of Hg, Tl, and Pb, the lighter homologs of the superheavy elements (SHE) copernicium (Cn, Z =112), nihonium (Nh, Z =113), and flerovium (Fl, Z =114), were carried out using short-lived radioisotopes. The interaction with Au and SiO 2 surfaces was studied and the overall chemical yield was determined. Suitable radioisotopes were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions, isolated in the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA, and flushed rapidly to an adjacent setup of two gas chromatography detector arrays covered with SiO 2 (first array) and Au (second array). While Tl and Pb adsorbed on the SiO 2 surface, Hg interacts only weakly and reached the Au-covered array. Our results contribute to elucidating the influence of relativistic effects on chemical properties of the heaviest elements by providing experimental data on these lighter homologs