16 research outputs found

    Développement et évaluation d'une méthode fondée sur la PCR temps réel pour la caractérisation des bioaérosols (application au groupe des actinomycÚtes)

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    Les actinomycĂštes sont des bactĂ©ries ubiquitaires et certains sont reconnus comme potentiellement pathogĂšnes pour l Homme, dans l air de certains lieux de travail. C est notamment le cas dans l air des plates-formes de compostage oĂč les concentrations peuvent atteindre des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es. L exposition des salariĂ©s Ă  ce type de bioaĂ©rosols peut ĂȘtre la cause de pathologies diverses (notamment des pneumopathies d hypersensibilitĂ©). Bien que le problĂšme soit reconnu, la bibliographie dĂ©montre un manque de connaissances Ă  propos de l Ă©valuation du risque : aucune mĂ©thode globale de prĂ©lĂšvement et d analyse n est, Ă  l heure actuelle, standardisĂ©e pour l Ă©tude de ces bioaĂ©rosols, si bien qu il n existe aucune relation dose-effets pour la plupart de ces agents ni mĂȘme de valeur limite d exposition professionnelle. Les mĂ©thodes traditionnellement utilisĂ©es ne sont pas sans inconvĂ©nient (sous-estimation de la concentration rĂ©elle notamment) et le plus souvent non-spĂ©cificiques. C est pourquoi l objectif de la thĂšse, ici dĂ©crite, est le dĂ©veloppement et l Ă©valuation de la technique de biologie molĂ©culaire qu est la PCR temps rĂ©el pour la quantification de bactĂ©ries dans ces bioaĂ©rosols. La mĂ©thode a tout d abord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e et optimisĂ©e notamment par le dessin d oligonuclĂ©otides, par la comparaison de protocoles d extraction d ADN et par la rĂ©alisation de gammes Ă©talons. Elle a ensuite Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©e aux techniques plus traditionnelles, encore largement utilisĂ©es, que sont le dĂ©nombrement du bacteries cultivable par mise en culture et l Ă©pifluorescence, Ă  la fois sur des cultures de cellules et sur des bioaĂ©rosols expĂ©rimentaux. Ce n est qu aprĂšs l avoir caractĂ©risĂ© qu elle a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des bioaĂ©rosols prĂ©levĂ©s en conditions rĂ©elles d exposition, sur des plates-formes de compostage.La mĂ©thode dĂ©veloppĂ©e, basĂ©e sur une extraction d ADN et une PCR temps rĂ©el, permet la quantification de l ADN de Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (basĂ©e sur l amplification du gĂšne GyrB), de Thermobifida fusca et T. alba (gĂšne ecf) et des streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles (ARNr 23S). La PCR permet l obtention de rĂ©sultats fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  ceux issus du dĂ©nombrement sur milieux gĂ©losĂ©s mais offre de rĂ©els avantages par rapport Ă  la culture. Comme ces quantifications prennent en compte n importe quelle forme de la bactĂ©rie (cellules vĂ©gĂ©tatives et spores), la PCR dĂ©passe les inconvĂ©nients de sous-estimation liĂ©s aux mĂ©thodes traditionnelles. La technique a un rĂ©el avantage de spĂ©cificitĂ©, elle est rĂ©pĂ©table et sensible. Les campagnes de prĂ©lĂšvements effectuĂ©es sur 5 plates-formes de compostage en France ont permis de mesurer les concentrations en bactĂ©ries mĂ©sophiles et thermophiles par culture et d Ă©tablir celles en Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. et Streptomyces sp. par PCR. L Ă©tude confirme que les activitĂ©s de compostage sont gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de bioaĂ©rosols avec parfois des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es selon les points Ă©chantillonnĂ©s. Elle met Ă©galement en exergue des informations comme la distribution granulomĂ©trique du bioaĂ©rosol ou l adĂ©quation entre le type de prĂ©lĂšvement effectuĂ© et l analyse par PCR. Les travaux menĂ©s, du dĂ©veloppement de la mĂ©thode qPCR appliquĂ©e au groupe des actinomycĂštes Ă  son application sur des Ă©chantillons environnementaux, apportent de nombreuses donnĂ©es pour la quantification des actinomycĂštes aĂ©roportĂ©s. Ils ont permis d acquĂ©rir des Ă©lĂ©ments de validation concernant la mĂ©thode mise en place et ont livrĂ© les seules mesures de concentrations disponibles Ă  l heure actuelle, pour T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., et les streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles dans l air des plates-formes de compostageActinomycetes are ubiquitous bacteria and some can be potentially pathogen for Humans in the air of some working areas. It s notably the case in composting plants where bacteria concentrations can reach high values. Workers exposure to these inhalable bioaerosols can be source of various diseases (hypersensitivity pneumonitis notably). Although this problem is admitted, bibliography reveals a lack of knowledge about risk assessment: currently, none global method for bioaerosols sampling and analysis is standardized. So much that neither dose-effects relationship for most of these bacteria, nor Threshold Limit Value exists. Traditional methods, that are used, have some drawbacks (concentrations underestimation notably) and most often, aren t specific.It s the reason why the aim of the thesis, here described, is the development and the evaluation of the biomolecular technique of real time PCR for the quantification of bacteria in these bioaerosols. First, this method was developed and improved by oligonucleotides design, by comparison of many DNA extraction protocols and by the construction of standard ranges. Then, the method was compared to traditional widely used methods such as cultivable bacteria counting by cultures and epifluorescence microscopy, both on cells culture samples and experimental bioaerosols. After this characterization, the analytic method was applied on environmental bioaerosols sampled on real exposure conditions (composting plants).The method that we have developed, based on DNA extraction and real-time PCR, allows the quantification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris DNA (based on gyrB gene amplification), of Thermobifida fusca and T. alba (ecf gene) and of mesophilic streptomycetes (rDNA 23S). The results obtained by PCR are strongly correlated with those obtained by counting on agar but PCR method offers more advantages than cultures. As PCR quantifies any form of the bacteria (vegetative cells and spores), the method goes over the drawbacks of traditional methods, like underestimation. The method has a real advantage of specificity, it s also repeatable and sensitive. Sampling campaigns realized on 5 composting plants implanted in France have permitted measuring mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria concentrations by culture and establishing Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. and Streptomyces sp. ones by PCR. The study confirms that composting activities release bioaerosols. And according to the localization of the sampling, the values could be rather high. It also underlines some informations as particles size distribution of the bioaerosol or the adequacy between sampling apparatus and PCR analysis. The works carried out, from qPCR method development for actinomycetes group to its application on environmental samples, give a lot of datas concerning airborne actinomycetes quantification. It permit to validate the developed method and give the only currently available measures for T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., and mesophilic streptomycetes in the air of composting plantsDIJON-BU Doc.Ă©lectronique (212319901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Développement et évaluation d'une méthode fondée sur la PCR temps réel pour la caractérisation des bioaérosols : application au groupe des actinomycÚtes

    No full text
    Actinomycetes are ubiquitous bacteria and some can be potentially pathogen for Humans in the air of some working areas. It’s notably the case in composting plants where bacteria concentrations can reach high values. Workers exposure to these inhalable bioaerosols can be source of various diseases (hypersensitivity pneumonitis notably). Although this problem is admitted, bibliography reveals a lack of knowledge about risk assessment: currently, none global method for bioaerosols sampling and analysis is standardized. So much that neither dose-effects relationship for most of these bacteria, nor Threshold Limit Value exists. Traditional methods, that are used, have some drawbacks (concentrations underestimation notably) and most often, aren’t specific.It’s the reason why the aim of the thesis, here described, is the development and the evaluation of the biomolecular technique of real time PCR for the quantification of bacteria in these bioaerosols. First, this method was developed and improved by oligonucleotides design, by comparison of many DNA extraction protocols and by the construction of standard ranges. Then, the method was compared to traditional widely used methods such as cultivable bacteria counting by cultures and epifluorescence microscopy, both on cells culture samples and experimental bioaerosols. After this characterization, the analytic method was applied on environmental bioaerosols sampled on real exposure conditions (composting plants).The method that we have developed, based on DNA extraction and real-time PCR, allows the quantification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris DNA (based on gyrB gene amplification), of Thermobifida fusca and T. alba (ecf gene) and of mesophilic streptomycetes (rDNA 23S). The results obtained by PCR are strongly correlated with those obtained by counting on agar but PCR method offers more advantages than cultures. As PCR quantifies any form of the bacteria (vegetative cells and spores), the method goes over the drawbacks of traditional methods, like underestimation. The method has a real advantage of specificity, it’s also repeatable and sensitive. Sampling campaigns realized on 5 composting plants implanted in France have permitted measuring mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria concentrations by culture and establishing Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. and Streptomyces sp. ones by PCR. The study confirms that composting activities release bioaerosols. And according to the localization of the sampling, the values could be rather high. It also underlines some informations as particles size distribution of the bioaerosol or the adequacy between sampling apparatus and PCR analysis. The works carried out, from qPCR method development for actinomycetes group to its application on environmental samples, give a lot of datas concerning airborne actinomycetes quantification. It permit to validate the developed method and give the only currently available measures for T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., and mesophilic streptomycetes in the air of composting plantsLes actinomycĂštes sont des bactĂ©ries ubiquitaires et certains sont reconnus comme potentiellement pathogĂšnes pour l’Homme, dans l’air de certains lieux de travail. C’est notamment le cas dans l’air des plates-formes de compostage oĂč les concentrations peuvent atteindre des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es. L’exposition des salariĂ©s Ă  ce type de bioaĂ©rosols peut ĂȘtre la cause de pathologies diverses (notamment des pneumopathies d’hypersensibilitĂ©). Bien que le problĂšme soit reconnu, la bibliographie dĂ©montre un manque de connaissances Ă  propos de l’évaluation du risque : aucune mĂ©thode globale de prĂ©lĂšvement et d’analyse n’est, Ă  l’heure actuelle, standardisĂ©e pour l’étude de ces bioaĂ©rosols, si bien qu’il n’existe aucune relation dose-effets pour la plupart de ces agents ni mĂȘme de valeur limite d’exposition professionnelle. Les mĂ©thodes traditionnellement utilisĂ©es ne sont pas sans inconvĂ©nient (sous-estimation de la concentration rĂ©elle notamment) et le plus souvent non-spĂ©cificiques. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de la thĂšse, ici dĂ©crite, est le dĂ©veloppement et l’évaluation de la technique de biologie molĂ©culaire qu’est la PCR temps rĂ©el pour la quantification de bactĂ©ries dans ces bioaĂ©rosols. La mĂ©thode a tout d’abord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e et optimisĂ©e notamment par le dessin d’oligonuclĂ©otides, par la comparaison de protocoles d’extraction d’ADN et par la rĂ©alisation de gammes Ă©talons. Elle a ensuite Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©e aux techniques plus traditionnelles, encore largement utilisĂ©es, que sont le dĂ©nombrement du bacteries cultivable par mise en culture et l’épifluorescence, Ă  la fois sur des cultures de cellules et sur des bioaĂ©rosols expĂ©rimentaux. Ce n’est qu’aprĂšs l’avoir caractĂ©risĂ© qu’elle a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des bioaĂ©rosols prĂ©levĂ©s en conditions rĂ©elles d’exposition, sur des plates-formes de compostage.La mĂ©thode dĂ©veloppĂ©e, basĂ©e sur une extraction d’ADN et une PCR temps rĂ©el, permet la quantification de l’ADN de Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (basĂ©e sur l’amplification du gĂšne GyrB), de Thermobifida fusca et T. alba (gĂšne ecf) et des streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles (ARNr 23S). La PCR permet l’obtention de rĂ©sultats fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  ceux issus du dĂ©nombrement sur milieux gĂ©losĂ©s mais offre de rĂ©els avantages par rapport Ă  la culture. Comme ces quantifications prennent en compte n’importe quelle forme de la bactĂ©rie (cellules vĂ©gĂ©tatives et spores), la PCR dĂ©passe les inconvĂ©nients de sous-estimation liĂ©s aux mĂ©thodes traditionnelles. La technique a un rĂ©el avantage de spĂ©cificitĂ©, elle est rĂ©pĂ©table et sensible. Les campagnes de prĂ©lĂšvements effectuĂ©es sur 5 plates-formes de compostage en France ont permis de mesurer les concentrations en bactĂ©ries mĂ©sophiles et thermophiles par culture et d’établir celles en Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. et Streptomyces sp. par PCR. L’étude confirme que les activitĂ©s de compostage sont gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de bioaĂ©rosols avec parfois des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es selon les points Ă©chantillonnĂ©s. Elle met Ă©galement en exergue des informations comme la distribution granulomĂ©trique du bioaĂ©rosol ou l’adĂ©quation entre le type de prĂ©lĂšvement effectuĂ© et l’analyse par PCR. Les travaux menĂ©s, du dĂ©veloppement de la mĂ©thode qPCR appliquĂ©e au groupe des actinomycĂštes Ă  son application sur des Ă©chantillons environnementaux, apportent de nombreuses donnĂ©es pour la quantification des actinomycĂštes aĂ©roportĂ©s. Ils ont permis d’acquĂ©rir des Ă©lĂ©ments de validation concernant la mĂ©thode mise en place et ont livrĂ© les seules mesures de concentrations disponibles Ă  l’heure actuelle, pour T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., et les streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles dans l’air des plates-formes de compostag

    Development and evaluation of a method based on real time PCR for bioaerosols characterization : application to actinomycetes group

    No full text
    Les actinomycĂštes sont des bactĂ©ries ubiquitaires et certains sont reconnus comme potentiellement pathogĂšnes pour l’Homme, dans l’air de certains lieux de travail. C’est notamment le cas dans l’air des plates-formes de compostage oĂč les concentrations peuvent atteindre des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es. L’exposition des salariĂ©s Ă  ce type de bioaĂ©rosols peut ĂȘtre la cause de pathologies diverses (notamment des pneumopathies d’hypersensibilitĂ©). Bien que le problĂšme soit reconnu, la bibliographie dĂ©montre un manque de connaissances Ă  propos de l’évaluation du risque : aucune mĂ©thode globale de prĂ©lĂšvement et d’analyse n’est, Ă  l’heure actuelle, standardisĂ©e pour l’étude de ces bioaĂ©rosols, si bien qu’il n’existe aucune relation dose-effets pour la plupart de ces agents ni mĂȘme de valeur limite d’exposition professionnelle. Les mĂ©thodes traditionnellement utilisĂ©es ne sont pas sans inconvĂ©nient (sous-estimation de la concentration rĂ©elle notamment) et le plus souvent non-spĂ©cificiques. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de la thĂšse, ici dĂ©crite, est le dĂ©veloppement et l’évaluation de la technique de biologie molĂ©culaire qu’est la PCR temps rĂ©el pour la quantification de bactĂ©ries dans ces bioaĂ©rosols. La mĂ©thode a tout d’abord Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e et optimisĂ©e notamment par le dessin d’oligonuclĂ©otides, par la comparaison de protocoles d’extraction d’ADN et par la rĂ©alisation de gammes Ă©talons. Elle a ensuite Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©e aux techniques plus traditionnelles, encore largement utilisĂ©es, que sont le dĂ©nombrement du bacteries cultivable par mise en culture et l’épifluorescence, Ă  la fois sur des cultures de cellules et sur des bioaĂ©rosols expĂ©rimentaux. Ce n’est qu’aprĂšs l’avoir caractĂ©risĂ© qu’elle a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e sur des bioaĂ©rosols prĂ©levĂ©s en conditions rĂ©elles d’exposition, sur des plates-formes de compostage.La mĂ©thode dĂ©veloppĂ©e, basĂ©e sur une extraction d’ADN et une PCR temps rĂ©el, permet la quantification de l’ADN de Thermoactinomyces vulgaris (basĂ©e sur l’amplification du gĂšne GyrB), de Thermobifida fusca et T. alba (gĂšne ecf) et des streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles (ARNr 23S). La PCR permet l’obtention de rĂ©sultats fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  ceux issus du dĂ©nombrement sur milieux gĂ©losĂ©s mais offre de rĂ©els avantages par rapport Ă  la culture. Comme ces quantifications prennent en compte n’importe quelle forme de la bactĂ©rie (cellules vĂ©gĂ©tatives et spores), la PCR dĂ©passe les inconvĂ©nients de sous-estimation liĂ©s aux mĂ©thodes traditionnelles. La technique a un rĂ©el avantage de spĂ©cificitĂ©, elle est rĂ©pĂ©table et sensible. Les campagnes de prĂ©lĂšvements effectuĂ©es sur 5 plates-formes de compostage en France ont permis de mesurer les concentrations en bactĂ©ries mĂ©sophiles et thermophiles par culture et d’établir celles en Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. et Streptomyces sp. par PCR. L’étude confirme que les activitĂ©s de compostage sont gĂ©nĂ©ratrices de bioaĂ©rosols avec parfois des valeurs relativement Ă©levĂ©es selon les points Ă©chantillonnĂ©s. Elle met Ă©galement en exergue des informations comme la distribution granulomĂ©trique du bioaĂ©rosol ou l’adĂ©quation entre le type de prĂ©lĂšvement effectuĂ© et l’analyse par PCR. Les travaux menĂ©s, du dĂ©veloppement de la mĂ©thode qPCR appliquĂ©e au groupe des actinomycĂštes Ă  son application sur des Ă©chantillons environnementaux, apportent de nombreuses donnĂ©es pour la quantification des actinomycĂštes aĂ©roportĂ©s. Ils ont permis d’acquĂ©rir des Ă©lĂ©ments de validation concernant la mĂ©thode mise en place et ont livrĂ© les seules mesures de concentrations disponibles Ă  l’heure actuelle, pour T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., et les streptomycĂštes mĂ©sophiles dans l’air des plates-formes de compostageActinomycetes are ubiquitous bacteria and some can be potentially pathogen for Humans in the air of some working areas. It’s notably the case in composting plants where bacteria concentrations can reach high values. Workers exposure to these inhalable bioaerosols can be source of various diseases (hypersensitivity pneumonitis notably). Although this problem is admitted, bibliography reveals a lack of knowledge about risk assessment: currently, none global method for bioaerosols sampling and analysis is standardized. So much that neither dose-effects relationship for most of these bacteria, nor Threshold Limit Value exists. Traditional methods, that are used, have some drawbacks (concentrations underestimation notably) and most often, aren’t specific.It’s the reason why the aim of the thesis, here described, is the development and the evaluation of the biomolecular technique of real time PCR for the quantification of bacteria in these bioaerosols. First, this method was developed and improved by oligonucleotides design, by comparison of many DNA extraction protocols and by the construction of standard ranges. Then, the method was compared to traditional widely used methods such as cultivable bacteria counting by cultures and epifluorescence microscopy, both on cells culture samples and experimental bioaerosols. After this characterization, the analytic method was applied on environmental bioaerosols sampled on real exposure conditions (composting plants).The method that we have developed, based on DNA extraction and real-time PCR, allows the quantification of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris DNA (based on gyrB gene amplification), of Thermobifida fusca and T. alba (ecf gene) and of mesophilic streptomycetes (rDNA 23S). The results obtained by PCR are strongly correlated with those obtained by counting on agar but PCR method offers more advantages than cultures. As PCR quantifies any form of the bacteria (vegetative cells and spores), the method goes over the drawbacks of traditional methods, like underestimation. The method has a real advantage of specificity, it’s also repeatable and sensitive. Sampling campaigns realized on 5 composting plants implanted in France have permitted measuring mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria concentrations by culture and establishing Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Thermobifida sp. and Streptomyces sp. ones by PCR. The study confirms that composting activities release bioaerosols. And according to the localization of the sampling, the values could be rather high. It also underlines some informations as particles size distribution of the bioaerosol or the adequacy between sampling apparatus and PCR analysis. The works carried out, from qPCR method development for actinomycetes group to its application on environmental samples, give a lot of datas concerning airborne actinomycetes quantification. It permit to validate the developed method and give the only currently available measures for T. vulgaris, Thermobifida sp., and mesophilic streptomycetes in the air of composting plant

    An amperometric method for the rapid detection of extended-spectrum ÎČ-lactamase producing<em> Escherichia coli</em> in wastewater treatment plant effluents

    No full text
    National audienceContext: Extended-spectrum ÎČ-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) are resistant to most ÎČ-lactams and have become a major concern in human and veterinary medicine. As E. coli and antibiotic resistant strains are part of the intestinal flora of humans, large amounts of these bacteria are present in wastewaters. Though treatments are performed in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), large quantities of bacteria are still present in the treated effluents rejected into the environment. These releases can cause contaminations of recreational waters and thus present a health risk to exposed populations. Therefore, rapid and convenient assays are highly desired for the quantification of ESBL E. coli in the wastewater network and in natural environments. Objective of the study: Development of a nitrocefin-based amperometric method for the rapid quantification of ESBL E. coli in WWTP effluents Methods: Raw and treated wastewaters were filtered in duplicate through 0.45 ÎŒm filters (HAWP, 47 mm, Millipore). The amperometric assay involved two main steps: (1) the subculturing of the filtered samples in the presence of cefotaxime supplemented or not with the potassium clavulanate (ESBL inhibitor) for a few hours (4-5h) followed by, (2) the incubation of each subculture filtrate (v = 10 mL; HVLP filter, 0.45 ÎŒm, 13 mm, Millipore) with the nitrocefin substrate which hydrolysis was monitored by amperometry. iCef and iClav correspond to the intensity of the anodic current measured (~ + 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for the sample incubated with the cefotaxime without and with potassium clavulanate, respectively. The value i = iCef – iClav was calculated and selected as the analytical response to assess the amount of EBSL E. coli producers. Results: The mean calibration plots for the raw and treated wastewaters (Figure 1) were obtained by analyzing CTX-M type ESBL E. coli strains found in wastewaters (blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-15 genes) and were used for the determination of ESBL E. coli in 20 raw wastewater and 20 treated wastewater samples. To check the reliability of the amperometric assay, the results were compared to a conventional counting on TBX agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime (Figure 2). Conclusion: An excellent correlation was obtained between the amperometric assay and the enumeration. This amperometric assay (5-6h) which is considerably less time-consuming than the culture-based method (24h) holds great promise for the rapid quantification of ESBL E. coli in the wastewater networks but also in other types of water samples (rivers, marine waters, etc.)

    DĂ©tection ampĂ©romĂ©trique des <em>Escherichia coli</em> productrices de beta-lactamases Ă  spectre Ă©tendu dans les effluents de station d’épuration

    No full text
    National audienceLes Escherichia coli productrices de ÎČ-lactamases Ă  spectre Ă©tendu (E. coli BLSE) sont rĂ©sistantes Ă  la plupart des ÎČ-lactamines et deviennent un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© publique en mĂ©decine humaine. Leur prĂ©sence dans le tube digestif des humains fait que grandes quantitĂ©s d’E. coli BLSE sont prĂ©sentes dans les eaux usĂ©es qui arrivent dans les stations d’épuration (STEP). MalgrĂ© les traitements rĂ©alisĂ©s dans les STEP, des quantitĂ©s non nĂ©gligeables d’E. coli BLSE sont encore prĂ©sentes dans les effluents traitĂ©s directement rejetĂ©s dans l’environnement. Ces rejets peuvent ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’une contamination des eaux rĂ©crĂ©atives et constituer un risque sanitaire pour les populations exposĂ©es. La mise au point de tests rapides et pratiques est donc nĂ©cessaire pour dĂ©tecter et quantifier ces E. coli BLSE dans les rĂ©seaux d’eaux usĂ©es et les environnements naturels. Cette Ă©tude Ă  eu pour objectif de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode ampĂ©romĂ©trique rapide pour quantifier les E. coli BLSE dans les effluents de STEP. La premiĂšre Ă©tape consiste en une double filtration sur membranes d’un Ă©chantillon d’eau de STEP, suivie d’une analyse ampĂ©romĂ©trique en deux Ă©tapes : (1) une mise en culture (4-5h) de chaque membrane dans un milieu liquide contenant du cĂ©fotaxime ± acide clavulanique (inhibiteur de BLSE) et (2) une incubation (15min) de chaque culture filtrĂ©e sur membrane en prĂ©sence de NitrocĂ©fine, dont l’hydrolyse par les ÎČ-lactamases est suivie par ampĂ©romĂ©trie. Deux intensitĂ©s sont ainsi mesurĂ©es : iCef et iClav et la valeur i = iCef - iClav est utilisĂ©e pour quantifier les E. coli BLSE prĂ©sentes dans l’échantillon en se basant sur des courbes de calibration. Une bonne corrĂ©lation de cette estimation ampĂ©romĂ©trique (5-6h) avec un dĂ©nombrement classique sur milieu gĂ©losĂ© (24h) est obtenue aprĂšs avoir analysĂ© une quarantaine d’échantillons. Cette mĂ©thode est trĂšs prometteuse dans le domaine de l’analyse des eaux usĂ©es et des eaux rĂ©crĂ©atives

    Evaluation de la qualitĂ© microbiologique des eaux de baignade via la mesure ampĂ©romĂ©trique d’activitĂ©s enzymatiques

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    BIOMEEAUBEvaluation de la qualitĂ© microbiologique des eaux de baignade via la mesure ampĂ©romĂ©trique d’activitĂ©s enzymatiques. XV. Colloque du Groupe Français de BioĂ©lectrochimi

    Amperometric detection of extended-spectrum ÎČ-lactamase activity : application to the characterization of resistant <em>E.coli</em> strains

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    EA MERS CT3International audienceThe amperometric detection of extended-spectrum ÎČ-lactamase (ESBL) with carbon screen-printed sensors was investigated in the presence of the Nitrocefin, a commercially-available ÎČ-lactamase chromogenic cephalosporin substrate. Using an ESBL isolated from a clinical sample, it was shown for the first time that the intensity of a specific anodic pic current (EP = [similar]+0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl) resulting from the catalytic hydrolysis of the ÎČ-lactam ring was proportional to the amount of ESBL. The proof-of-principle of a novel susceptibility assay for the rapid and accurate identification of ESBL- producing bacteria was then demonstrated. The detection scheme relied on (i) the culture of the sample in a medium containing the cefotaxime supplemented or not with the clavulanic acid inhibitor to allow the specific determination of ESBL producers (ii) followed by the incubation of the bacteria with the Nitrocefin and (iii) the measurement of the enzyme product by cyclic voltammetry. The amperometric assay was further applied to the characterization of E. coli strains and to the quantification of the ESBL producers. A detection limit of 5 × 104 cfu mL−1 ESBL-producing E. coli was achieved after a 10 min incubation time. In contrast to the approved routine assays, the electrochemical approach, which did not require isolated colonies to be performed, provided quantified results regarding ESBL activity within a few hours. Finally, owing to its cost-effectiveness, portability and simplicity, this test holds great promise for clinical and environmental applications

    A voltammetric test for the rapid discrimination of ÎČ-lactamase-producing <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> in blood cultures

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    International audienceThe accurate identification of ÎČ-lactamases produced by Enterobacteriaceae is a major challenge in clinical laboratories in order to optimize antimicrobial treatment and patient care. We describe here a rapid voltammetric-based method to detect and to discriminate ÎČ-lactamase activity in Enterobacteriaceae i.e., penicillinase, cephalosporinase (inducible or overproduced), extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase producers. After a 2-h growth step of the sample under three separate conditions: 1) LB (Luria-Bertani) medium, 2) LB supplemented with 4 ÎŒg/mL cefotaxime and 3) LB supplemented with 4 ÎŒg/mL cefotaxime and 100 ÎŒg/mL potassium clavulanate, the ÎČ-lactamase activity was measured by incubating a 0.5 mM nitrocefin solution for 15 min followed by the voltammetric detection of the hydrolyzed nitrocefin with disposable carbon screen printed sensors. The development and the calibration of the method were carried out by analyzing pure cultures of fifty-seven strains with well characterized ÎČ-lactam-resistance phenotypes. Thanks to the combination of the three currents (i(1), i(2), i(3)) recorded for each tested bacteria, the proposed procedure allowed to distinguish the different classes of ÎČ-lactamase producers. In the second part of the study, the method was applied to the analysis of one hundred and fifteen samples Enterobacteriaceae-positive blood culture samples of bacteraemic patients. Overall data showed that the voltammetric method offered a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 80%. Interestingly, all of sixteen samples infected by a third-generation cephalosporins-resistant bacteria (i.e. ESBL and overproduced cephalosporinase producers) were detected. This study clearly demonstrated that the voltammetric assay is an efficient alternative technique for the rapid discrimination of ÎČ-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae in blood culture. In contrast to the approved routine assays, the electrochemical test did not require isolated colonies to be performed and was thus carried out in less than 3 h which could allow early administration of an appropriate antibiotic therapy

    A nitrocefin-based amperometric assay for the rapid quantification of extended-spectrum ÎČ-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in wastewaters

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    International audienceA sensitive and inexpensive amperometric assay based on the electrochemical detection of the beta-lactamase activity using the nitrocefin as substrate was developed for the rapid and quantitative detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia colt (ESBL-EC) in urban wastewaters. The specific detection of ESBL-EC was achieved by culturing the filtered sample in a medium containing the cefotaxime supplemented or not with the potassium clavulanate inhibitor. This step was followed by the incubation of each subculture filtrate with the nitrocefin substrate which hydrolysis was monitored by amperometry using disposable carbon screen-printed sensors. Current intensities i(Cef) and i(Clav) correspond to the intensity of the anodic current measured (similar to+ 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) for the sample incubated with the cefotaxime without and with potassium clavulanate, respectively. The intensity value i = i(Cef) iClav was chosen as the analytical response. ESBL-EC calibration plots were established with artificially contaminated wastewater samples. This assay allowed the detection of ESBL-EC amounts as low as 10 cfu in treated effluents and 100 cfu in raw wastewaters with short time analysis of 5.5 h and 4.5 h, respectively. The amperometric method was applied to the analysis of 38 wastewater samples and the results were in good agreement with CFU counts on a selective chromogenic medium for 24 h. Owing to its rapidity, convenience, low-cost and portability, this assay is a promising tool to obtain quantitative data on antimicrobial-resistant E. coli in wastewater effluents. Furthermore, this assay might be used to improve wastewater treatment plant processes in order to minimize the release of antibiotic resistant bacteria into the aquatic environment

    Development and evaluation of a method for the quantification of airborne Thermoactinomyces vulgaris by real-time PCR.

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    International audienceActinomycetes are ubiquitous and some can be potentially pathogenic for humans when present in the air of some working areas. It's notably the case for Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in composting facilities where aerial concentrations can reach high values of more than 10(7)CFU*m(-3). Workers exposure to these inhalable bioaerosols can be the source of various diseases. The literature reveals a lack of knowledge about risk assessment: there is neither dose-effects relationship for most agents, or threshold limit value. The objectives of this study were to develop and standardize a method to quantify workers exposure to bioaerosols. We have developed and evaluated a method to quantify airborne T. vulgaris based on DNA extraction of aerial microbial communities and qPCR. Four DNA extraction protocols were compared, and primers and a hydrolysis probe were designed for specific amplification of the target species (gyrB gene). This method was compared to traditional methods based on viable or cultivable counting by epifluorescence microscopy or plating on selective media. The method was applied on environmental bioaerosols sampled under real exposure conditions in composting plants. We demonstrate that the method to quantify T.vulgaris in bioaerosols is specific, sensitive and repeatable. We demonstrate the occurrence and quantified T. vulgaris in the atmosphere of composting facilities with concentrations ranging from 3×10(2) to 3×10(6)×m(-3)
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