Estimasi dan Validasi Total Digestible Nutrient Hijauan Pakan dari Komposisi Kimia Pakan

This study aims to estimate and validate the accuracy of estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content in forages based on the chemical composition of feed. Data on nutrient composition for estimates were obtained from the BR-CORTE database consisting of 86 types of forages and primary data from observations consisting of 19 types of forages. Analysis data is used Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) for estimation models, variance test (ANOVA), and T-test for validation. The results showed that forage TDN had a negative correlation with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) (P <0.01) and lignin (P <0.05), but was positively correlated with Non-Fibre Carbohydrate (NFC) (P <0.01), Ether Extract (EE) and Crude Protein (CP) (P<0.01). Thus, the TDN value can be estimated from the chemical composition in the feed. The regression equation that will be used to estimate forage TDN content is TDN = 0.482 NDF + 1.538 EE + 0.699 NFC + 0.718 CP (R2=0.994). Then, this equation is validated and compared to the Hartadi’s and Wardeh’s equations. The results of the T-test showed that the TDN value estimated is non significantly different with TDN Hartadi for cattle (P>0.05). It concluded TDN value of local forage can be estimated based on this estimation models.This study aims to estimate and validate the accuracy of estimated Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) content in forages based on the chemical composition of feed. Data on nutrient composition for estimates were obtained from the BR-CORTE database consisting of 86 types of forages and primary data from observations consisting of 19 types of forages. Analysis data is used Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, determination coefficient (R2), and root mean square error (RMSE) for estimation models, variance test (ANOVA), and T-test for validation. The results showed that forage TDN had a negative correlation with Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF) (P <0.01) and lignin (P <0.05), but was positively correlated with Non-Fibre Carbohydrate (NFC) (P <0.01), Ether Extract (EE) and Crude Protein (CP) (P<0.01). Thus, the TDN value can be estimated from the chemical composition in the feed. The regression equation that will be used to estimate forage TDN content is TDN = 0.482 NDF + 1.538 EE + 0.699 NFC + 0.718 CP (R2=0.994). Then, this equation is validated and compared to the Hartadi’s and Wardeh’s equations. The results of the T-test showed that the TDN value estimated is non significantly different with TDN Hartadi for cattle (P>0.05). It concluded TDN value of local forage can be estimated based on this estimation models

Determination of Energy and Protein Requirements of Sheep in Indonesia Using a Meta-analytical Approach

The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein requirements, for both maintenance and gain, of sheep in Indonesia by using a meta-analysis method. A database was developed from various in vivo experiments involving sheep as the experimental animals in which energy intake, protein intake and average daily weight gain (ADG) were reported. A total of 38 articles consisting of 137 data points were integrated into the database. Different breeds (Priangan, fat-tailed and local) and sexes (male and female) were specified in the database. Maintenance and gain requirements of dry matter, energy and protein were determined by regressing ADG with dry matter intake (DMI), total digestible nutrient intake (TDNI) and crude protein intake (CPI), respectively. An intercept (where ADG= 0 g/kg MBW/d) and a slope (required nutrient intake per unit ADG) were taken as maintenance and gain requirements, respectively. Results revealed that all sheep breeds had similar energy requirement for maintenance (TDNm). Energy requirement for gain (TDNg) of Priangan breed was lower than other breeds; the breed required 0.860 g TDN for 1 g ADG. Fat-tailed and local breeds required 1.22 and 2.75 g TDN for 1 g ADG, respectively. All breeds also revealed relatively similar protein requirement for maintenance (CPm), i.e. 6.27-6.47 g/kg MBW/d. Priangan breed required less CP for 1 g ADG (CPg), i.e. 0.295 g. Requirements of CPg for fat-tailed and local breeds were 0.336 and 0.497 g/g ADG, respectively. It was concluded that each sheep breed in Indonesia had specific TDN and CP requirements for gain, but similar requirements for maintenance

In Vitro Testing to Aflatoxin Binding by Glucomannan Yeast Product and Glucomannan Extract from Amorphophallus oncophyllus

The aim of research was to test the capability of glucomannan yeast product (GYP) and glucomannan resulted from Amorphophallus oncophyllus extraction (GRE) to bind aflatoxin in in vitro testing. Before in vitro testing, both GYP and GRE were analyzed to determine proximate analysis, glucose, and mannose concentrations. In vitro testing used aflatoxin, binder and gastro intestinal fluid in 3% ringer solution. The weights of binders were 41.05; 82.1; 123.15; and 164.2 mg and weight of aflatoxin was 0.1642 µg of each tube. The results showed that the percentage of aflatoxin bound increased by the increasing weight either glucomannan from yeast product or glucomannan resulted from A. oncophylus extraction. The percentages of aflatoxin binding with binder of both glucomannan yeast product were 19.72%; 21.51%; 42.25%; 46.35% and glucomannan from A. oncophyllus extraction were 4.08%; 28.72%; 36.73%; and 89.07%, consecutively. There were positive correlations (

Two similar commercial live attenuated AMPV vaccines prepared by random passage of the identical field isolate, have unrelated sequences

Since late \u201880 s Avian metapneumovirus subtype A causes sufficient disease in Europe for commercial companies to have started developing live attenuated vaccines. Here, two of those vaccines were fully consensus sequenced alongside their progenitor field strain (#8544). Sequences comparison shows that the attenuation of field strain #8544 was associated with no common substitutions between the two derived vaccines. This finding suggests that the attenuation of field viruses via serial passage on cell cultures or tissues is the result of a random process, rather than a mechanism aiming to achieve a specific sequence. Furthermore, field vaccination strategies would greatly benefit by the unambiguous vaccine markers identified in this study, enabling a prompt and confident vaccines detection

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata) dan Ekstrak Kulit Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana) terhadap Aflatoksin B1 pada Jagung: Antioxidant Activity of Andrographis paniculata Leaves Extract and Garcinia mangostana Peel Extract to aflatoxin B1 in Corn

The objective of this study was to analyze the active compound of Garcinia mangostana (GME) and Andrographis paniculata (APE) extracts and the effectiveness of these extracts against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) which had contaminated corn. The experimental design of this study was a completely randomized factorial design. Factor A was the addition of extract, A0=without addition, A1=addition of 0.08% GME, A2=addition of 0.16% GME, A3=addition of 0.08% APE, A4=addition of 0.16% APE. Factor B was the incubation period, B1=day 0, B2=day-2, B3=day-4. The research variables were extract yield, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, corn moisture content and gross energy, AFB1 content, production and percentage of inhibition of AFB1. The data obtained were analyzed for  variance and Duncan’s test. The results showed that GME and APE had yields of 16.68% and 5.49%, total phenolic content of 125.28 and 12.62 mg GAE g extract-1 and antioxidant activity of 29.82 and >200 ppm respectively. The addition of extract to each treatment during incubation significantly interacted with AFB1 production. However, the gross energy in each treatment was only affected by the incubation time, while the moisture content increased on the second day to 13.29%. It can be concluded that the addition of 0.16% GME could inhibit the production of AFB1 which was higher than the addition of other extracts during incubation. Key words:        aflatoxin B1, Andrographis paniculata, corn, Garcinia mangostan

In Vitro Digestibility of Ration Containing Different Level of Palm Oil Frond Fermented with Phanerochaetae chrysosporium

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agricultural waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed.  The experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for napier grass through biodegradation process with P. chysosporium. A completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration containing 60% napier grass (R1), ration containing 40% napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond (R2), ration containing 20% napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond (R3), ration containing 60% fermented palm oil frond (R4). Fourty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, NH3, TVFA, and ruminal cellulolitic bacteria. Results showed that increasing level of fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduced (P<0.05) digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, ADF, N-NH3, TVFA concentration and number of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. It is concluded that fermentation of palm oil frondwith P. chysosporium decrease lignin content by 47.79%, but increasing the fermented palm oil frond in the ration reduces nutrient digestibilities, N-NH3 and TVFA concentrations and rumen cellulolytic bacteria counts. Fermented palm oil frond up to 40% could be used as a substitute for forages in ruminant rations

Hasil Ikutan Pertanian Sebagai Pakan Ruminansia Di Jawa Tengah

The major problem faced by farmers in Central Java is the fluctuation of feed availability throughout the year, with feed surplus in the rainy season and less in the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the support ability of agricultural by product as ruminant feed in Central Java. Survey method was used in this study, primary and secondary data were descriptively analyzed. The results showed that based on total population of ruminants and carrying capacity of the potential production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability to 3,699,674 Animal Unit (AU) based on Dry Matter (DM); 1,419,142 AU based on Crude Protein (CP) and 1,825,567 AU based on Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN). However, based on carrying capacity of effective production of agricultural by product, there was an excess of support ability of feed only for 2,003,470 AU based on DM, 335,459 AU based on CP and 687,215 AU based on TDN

SARS-CoV-2 and companion animals: sources of information and communication campaign during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy

This study analyzed data on the sources and the level of Italians’ awareness on the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 at the human–animal interface. Data were collected through a survey-type investigation on a representative sample of the Italian population. Forty-five percent of the interviewees were aware that companion animals could be infected by SARS-CoV-2. However, 29.8% were familiar with preventive measures to adopt to avoid viral transmission between infected humans and companion animals, and only 20.7% knew which companion animals could be at risk of infection. Higher awareness regarding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between animals and humans (51.7%) and the measures to prevent it (33.3%) was detected among companion animals’ owners. Notably, 40.4% of interviewees were not informed at all. Television broadcasts (26.4%) represented the main source of information, while only 3.5% of the interviewees relied on veterinarians, of which 31.9% considered this source of information as the most trustworthy. Overall, 72.4% of Italians recognized that the communication campaign on COVID-19 and companion animals was inadequate. This survey highlights the need for increasing the public awareness of the risk of companion animals being infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the involvement of professionals in the public communication on zoonoses. © 2023 by the authors

The Assays of Bacteria-Yeast Consortia as Probiotics Candidates and Their Influences on Nutrients Utilization of Quails Diet

This study aimed to assay L. plantarum (P1), S. cerevisiae (P2), and its combination (P3) as probiotics candidates and their effects on nutrient digestibility in Japanese quails (Cortunix cortunix japonica) diets. In vitro assays were employed to evaluate the antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella pullorum), sensitivity to antibiotics (i.e., streptomycin, penicillin, and erythromycin), stress on bile salt and acidity condition. Evaluation of probiotics on in vivo nutrient utilization was carried out by administration of probiotics to laying quails in drinking water with various treatments (R0, control; R1, L. plantarum; R2, S. cerevisiae; R3, combination of R1+R2; R4, commercial feed additive). Results showed that the highest inhibitory activity was performed by P2 on S. aureus (17.28 mm). Treatments P2 and P3 were resistant to all the tested antibiotics, while P1 was resistant to streptomycin and penicillin. P1 was tolerant to bile salts whereas P2 was tolerant to gastric acidity conditions. For the in vivo experiment, quails fed R1, R2, and R4 had higher nitrogen retention as compared to R0 (p<0.05). However, all treatments revealed similar metabolizable energy values. The cluster analysis showed that quails consuming the combination of L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae were within the same cluster with the control but different clusters from the individual probiotics across all parameters, indicating a possible antagonistic effect between the two species.  In conclusion, the inclusion of L. plantarum or S. cerevisiae inhibits pathogenic bacteria without influencing nutrient utilization of quail diet