Ultra-structural aspects of secretory canals in vegetative and reproductive organs of Anacardiaceae

The study assessed phloem canal development and ultra-structure in shoot apices of Spondias dulcis G. Forst., phloematic canal ultra-structure in shoot apices of Tapirira guianensis Aubl., and floral canal ultra-structure and development and fruit canal ultra-structure of the latter specie. The flower and fruit canals of Anacardium humile St.Hil. were also studied ultra-structurally. The canals in shoot apices of S. dulcis show schizo-lysigenous formation and the floral canals of T. guianensis show schizogenous development. Epithelial cells of S. dulcis and T. guianensis canals have rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, elongated plastids of several shapes with osmiophilic inclusions and dictyosomes with production of vesicles. Such organelles participate in the secretion of a heterogeneous exudate, which is comprised of hydrophilic and lipophilic substances. The epithelial cells of the fruit of A. humile present elongated plastids with circular membrane system, which are involved in the synthesis of lipophilic substances. The results of the ultra-structural analyses of the epithelial cells corroborate the results previously obtained in a histochemical study. In the histochemical study, lipophilic and hydrophilic substances were identified in the canals of T. guinanensis and S. dulcis and only lipophilic substances were identified in the canals of A. humile. Based on the ultrastructural aspects of the secretory canals of T. guianensis and S. dulcis we concluded that the plastids of the epithelial cells of the two species are different although they produce secretion of similar composition. A new record for the family is the presence of a great number of circular plastids in epithelial cells of the fruit of Anacardium humile. The pattern found in the secretory canals of the studied species is the ecrine type of secretion release.Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do floema dos ápices vegetativos de Spondias dulcis G. Forst., a ultra-estrutura dos canais floemáticos dos ápices vegetativos de Tapirira guinanensis Aubl., bem como, a ultra-estrutura e o desenvolvimento dos canais florais e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do fruto desta mesma espécie Os canais florais e do fruto de Anacardium humile St.Hil. também foram estudados ultra-estruturalmente. Os canais dos ápices vegetativos de S. dulcis formam-se de modo esquizolisígeno e os florais de T. guianensis desenvolvem-se, de modo esquizógeno. As células epiteliais dos canais de S. dulcis e T. guianensis possuem retículo endoplasmático rugoso, ribossomos livres, plastídios alongados, de diferentes formatos, com presença de inclusões osmiofílicas e dictiossomos com produção de vesículas. Estas organelas estão envolvidas na secreção de um exsudato heterogêneo composto por substâncias hidrofílicas e lipofílicas. As células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile apresentam plastídios, em grande quantidade, de forma arredondada com sistema de membranas circular, que estão envolvidos na síntese de substâncias lipofílicas. Os resultados das análises ultra-estruturais das células epiteliais corroboram com os resultados previamente obtidos por estudo histoquímico, através deste estudo, substâncias lipídicas e hidrofílicas foram identificadas nos canais de T. guinanensis e S. dulcis e apenas substância lipídicas nos canais de A. humile. Baseado nos aspectos ultraestruturais dos canais secretores de T. guianensis e S. dulcis nós pudemos concluir que os plastídios das células epiteliais dos canais das duas espécies são diferentes, apesar destes secretarem exsudatos de composição semelhante. Um registro novo para a família é a presença de um grande número de plastídios circulares em células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile. O padrão encontrado entre os canais secretores das espécies estudadas é o modo écrino de liberação da secreção.376388Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Secretory structures in vegetative and reproductive organs of species of Anacardiaceae : anatomy, histochemistry and ultrastructure

Orientadores: Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro, Marilia de Moraes Castro, Lia AscensãoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Anacardiaceae é composta por 70 gêneros com aproximadamente 600 espécies de distribuição principalmente pantropical, com poucas de regiões temperadas. A classificação infrafamiliar mais amplamente utilizada, proposta por Engler (1892), divide a família em cinco tribos: Anacardieae, Rhoeae, Semecarpeae, Spondiadeae e Dobineeae. No presente trabalho, foram estudadas uma espécie da tribo Anacardieae (Anacardium humile St.Hil), uma espécie da tribo Rhoeae (Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl. e duas espécies da tribo Spondiadeae (Spondias dulcis G.Forst e Tapirira guidnensis Aubl.). As estruturas secretoras dos órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos destas espécies foram caracterizadas anatômica e histoquimicamente e apenas os canais secretores foram caracterizados ultra-estruturalmente. Os canais têm epitélio unisseriado; os associados ao floema são resiníferos (lato sensu) e os medulares de A. humile e S. dulcis, são mucilaginosos. A presença de canais produzindo secreções quimicamente distintas em um mesmo órgão, de uma mesma espécie, está sendo descrita pela primeira vez neste tranalho. Em A. humile, L. molleoides e T.guianensis os canais estão associados ao floema da pétala, sépala, receptáculo, pedicelo florais de todas as flores e ao floema do mesofilo ovariano das flores pistiladas e do pistilódio das flores estaminadas de L. molleoides e, T. guianensis. Canais também são encontrados no fruto e pedúnculo de A. humile e no fruto de T. guianensis. Os canais têm epitélio unisseriado; os florais de A. humile, L. molleoides e T. guianensis são resiníferos (lato sensu), os do fruto e pedúnculo de A. humile são resiníferos (stricto sensu) e os do fruto de T. guianensis são resiníferos (lato sensu). Em uma mesma espécie os canais secretores presentes em diferentes órgãos podem produzir substâncias distintas¿Observação: O resumo, na íntegra poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digitalAbstract: Anacardiaceae is comprised of 70 genera with approximately 600 species of pantropical distribution, mainly, with few species from temperate regions. The most used infrafamilial classification, proposed by Engler (1892), divides this family in five tribes: Anacardieae, Rhoeae, Semecarpeae, Spondiadeae, and Dobineeae. In the present work, there were studied a species from Anacardieae tribe (Anacardium humile St.Hil), a species from Rhoeae tribe (Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl., and two species from Spondiadeae tribe (Spondias dulcis G.Forst and Tapirira guianensis Aubl.). The secretory structures of the vegetative and reproductive organs of these species were characterized anatomically and histochemically, and the secretory canals present in them were ultrastructurally characterized. The canals present uniseriate epithelium; the ones associated to the phloem are resiniferous (lato sensu) and the medullar ones of A. humile and S. dulcis are mucilaginous. The presence of canals that produce chemically distinct secretions in the same organ of a species is being described for the first time. In A. humile, L. molleoides, and T. guianensis, the canals are associated to the phloem of petal, sepal, receptacles, and ovarian mesophyll; only in the pistil-like structure of the male flowers of L. molleoides and T. guianensis, there are found some canaIs. The canals are also found in the fruit and peduncle of A. humile and in the fruit of T. guianensis. The canaIs have uniseriate epithelium; the floral canaIs of A. humile, L. molleoides, and T. guianensis are resiniferous (lato sensu), the ones from fruit and peduncle of A. humile are resiniferous (stricto sensu), and the ones from the fruit of T. guianensis are resiniferous (lato sensu). In the same species, the secretory canaIs present in different organs may produce distinct substances...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertationsDoutoradoDoutor em Biologia Vegeta

Aspectos ultra-estruturais dos canais secretores em órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos de Anacardiaceae

Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do floema dos ápices vegetativos de Spondias dulcis G. Forst., a ultra-estrutura dos canais floemáticos dos ápices vegetativos de Tapirira guinanensis Aubl., bem como, a ultra-estrutura e o desenvolvimento dos canais florais e a ultra-estrutura dos canais do fruto desta mesma espécie Os canais florais e do fruto de Anacardium humile St.Hil. também foram estudados ultra-estruturalmente. Os canais dos ápices vegetativos de S. dulcis formam-se de modo esquizolisígeno e os florais de T. guianensis desenvolvem-se, de modo esquizógeno. As células epiteliais dos canais de S. dulcis e T. guianensis possuem retículo endoplasmático rugoso, ribossomos livres, plastídios alongados, de diferentes formatos, com presença de inclusões osmiofílicas e dictiossomos com produção de vesículas. Estas organelas estão envolvidas na secreção de um exsudato heterogêneo composto por substâncias hidrofílicas e lipofílicas. As células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile apresentam plastídios, em grande quantidade, de forma arredondada com sistema de membranas circular, que estão envolvidos na síntese de substâncias lipofílicas. Os resultados das análises ultra-estruturais das células epiteliais corroboram com os resultados previamente obtidos por estudo histoquímico, através deste estudo, substâncias lipídicas e hidrofílicas foram identificadas nos canais de T. guinanensis e S. dulcis e apenas substância lipídicas nos canais de A. humile. Baseado nos aspectos ultraestruturais dos canais secretores de T. guianensis e S. dulcis nós pudemos concluir que os plastídios das células epiteliais dos canais das duas espécies são diferentes, apesar destes secretarem exsudatos de composição semelhante. Um registro novo para a família é a presença de um grande número de plastídios circulares em células epiteliais do fruto de A. humile. O padrão encontrado entre os canais secretores das espécies estudadas é o modo écrino de liberação da secreção

1891 - Nr 07

Presumed domatia are actually extrafloral nectaries on leaves ofAnacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), a species from the Brazilian savannah, is associated with foraging ants, which leads to the description of the structure of its leaves as domatia. However, the ants collect secretions on the leaves, a phenomenon that inspired us to elucidate this structure. To this end, we conducted an analysis of the distribution, micromorphology, anatomy and histochemistry of these supposed domatia. They are located in the axil of thicker leaf veins and are composed of glandular trichomes which exude glucose; they are, therefore, described here as extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). The nectariferous trichomes are located at the same level as the other epidermal cells on young leaves, while in mature leaves they were found in depressions of the leaf blade. The secretory activity of EFNs is limited to juvenile phases, becoming degenerated in mature leaves. Carbohydrates and lipophilic compounds were detected in the produced secretion. It can be concluded that the presence of ants foraging leaves to collect from EFNs indicates a mutualistic interaction, with the plant providing a sugar resource to the ants in return for protection against herbivory since they are present in developing leaves.671282

Presumed domatia are actually extrafloral nectaries on leaves of Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae)

Presumed domatia are actually extrafloral nectaries on leaves ofAnacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), a species from the Brazilian savannah, is associated with foraging ants, which leads to the description of the structure of its leaves as domatia. However, the ants collect secretions on the leaves, a phenomenon that inspired us to elucidate this structure. To this end, we conducted an analysis of the distribution, micromorphology, anatomy and histochemistry of these supposed domatia. They are located in the axil of thicker leaf veins and are composed of glandular trichomes which exude glucose; they are, therefore, described here as extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). The nectariferous trichomes are located at the same level as the other epidermal cells on young leaves, while in mature leaves they were found in depressions of the leaf blade. The secretory activity of EFNs is limited to juvenile phases, becoming degenerated in mature leaves. Carbohydrates and lipophilic compounds were detected in the produced secretion. It can be concluded that the presence of ants foraging leaves to collect from EFNs indicates a mutualistic interaction, with the plant providing a sugar resource to the ants in return for protection against herbivory since they are present in developing leaves

Foliar colleters on Anacardiaceae: first report for The family

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Colleters are secretory structures widely distributed in eudicots and with taxonomic value in many families. Although glandular trichomes have been described in some Anacardiaceae species, the chemical characterization of their secretions is scarce and to date there are no reports on colleters. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the distribution and structure of colleters on the vegetative buds of Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil., Lithraea molleoides (Vell.) Engl., Spondias dulcis Parkinson, and Tapirira guianensis Aubl., and to characterize their secretory products histochemically. In all of these Anacardiaceae species, colleters are multicellular and multiseriate ovoid or club-shaped glandular trichomes of protodermic origin, present on both surfaces of leaf primordia. They reach the secretory phase at early stages of leaf development, after which they gradually degenerate, become brown, and fall off. Histochemical tests indicate that the secretion within the glandular cells and outside the trichomes is a complex mixture containing mucilage, fatty acids, and phenolic compounds, which are secretory products that can play an important role in the protection of meristems against desiccation and attack by pathogens. Therefore, the distribution of these glandular trichomes, their short-life, the chemical nature of their secretions and their presumed functions support their being classified as colleters.Colleters are secretory structures widely distributed in eudicots and with taxonomic value in many families. Although glandular trichomes have been described in some Anacardiaceae species, the chemical characterization of their secretions is scarce and to945337346FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCAPES - COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)03/13556-514/18002-200/12469-3SEM INFORMAÇÃOWe are grateful to Prof. Jorge Yoshio Tamashiro (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil) for plant identification. We also thank the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for their financial support (FAPESP 03/13556-5, 14/18002

Pericarp ontogeny of Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (Anacardiaceae) reveals a secretory endocarp in young stage

ABSTRACT Most species of Anacardiaceae have drupes containing secretory structures.. The substances produced by these structures may have importance to industry and folk medicine, and may even cause allergenic effects. This work describes the ontogeny of pericarp of Tapirira guianensis with an emphasis on the secretory structures present at different stages of development. Ovary and fruits in various stages of development were collected, fixed and processed for studies using light and scanning electron microscopy according to conventional techniques. Histochemical tests were employed to identify the major metabolites present in the tissues. The fruit is a drupe formed by exocarp, mesocarp containing secretory ducts and idioblasts, and endocarp with some lignified layers. Fruit growth occurs through the division and elongation of cells. The secretory ducts produce mainly phenols and lipids and are active during all stages of development. The secreted substances protect the fruit against pathogens and predators. In ripe fruits the cells of the mesocarp accumulate starch. This study is the first report of the presence of a secretory endocarp in young fruits of a species of Anacardiaceae. The substances produced by the endocarp in early developmental stages may play an important role in seed dispersal and germination