Un araire du toit du monde

L’araire du Ladakh (Himalaya occidental indien) se rattache au vaste domaine de répartition des araires manche-sep. L’article en décrit la structure, la fabrication, ses fonctions et ses techniques d’utilisation. Il donne également la nomenclature associée à cet outil et celle du joug qui l’accompagne.The Ladakhi (Indian Western Himalayas) swing plough (ard) belongs to the vast distribution zone of shaft-stock swing ploughs. The present paper describes the structure of the implement, its fabrication, its functions and the techniques of use. This article also gives the related nomenclature as well as that of the associated yoke.El arado del Ladakh (Himalaya occidental índico) se relaciona con el amplio campo de distribución de los arados « mancera-dental ». El artículo describe su estructura, su fabricación, sus funciones y sus técnicas de utilización. También presenta la nomenclatura que respecta a este instrumento y la del yugo con que se utiliza

Interpréter les « dysfonctionnements » des systèmes irrigués traditionnels

Cet article décrit un système irrigué du point de vue technique. Il prend en compte l’architecture du réseau, le type d’ouvrages hydrauliques (structure et fonctionnement) et la technique d’application de l’eau à la parcelle. Le système s’avère original par le fait que chacune de ses trois composantes présente des caractères ne répondant pas à la recherche d’une efficience technique optimale eu égard au milieu. L’interprétation de ces caractères est effectuée en recourant à l’histoire technique du réseau : ils peuvent en effet se concevoir comme des survivances d’une étape antérieure de mise en valeur du milieu. Précisons que l’emploi du terme « dysfonctionnement » ne préjuge en rien de la qualité des systèmes irrigués traditionnels. Au contraire, il est question ici de participer à leur réhabilitation (s’il en est encore besoin), en insistant sur l’importance de l’interprétation historique

A Human TREK-1/HEK Cell Line: A Highly Efficient Screening Tool for Drug Development in Neurological Diseases

TREK-1 potassium channels are involved in a number of physiopathological processes such as neuroprotection, pain and depression. Molecules able to open or to block these channels can be clinically important. Having a cell model for screening such molecules is of particular interest. Here, we describe the development of the first available cell line that constituvely expresses the TREK-1 channel. The TREK-1 channel expressed by the h-TREK-1/HEK cell line has conserved all its modulation properties. It is opened by stretch, pH, polyunsaturated fatty acids and by the neuroprotective molecule, riluzole and it is blocked by spadin or fluoxetine. We also demonstrate that the h-TREK-1/HEK cell line is protected against ischemia by using the oxygen-glucose deprivation model

Ladakhi Landscape Units

22 p."In choosing to study the relationship between Himalayan societies in Nepal and Ladakh and their environment, the authors of this book propose a new interpretation of present-day landscapes, of their diversity as well as of their transformation. Natural data on the Himalayan range, demography, perceptions and representations of milieux, their history, current local examples of resource management, especially tree management, are the subject of often unprecedented investigations... In light of this, what about preconceived ideas in terms of the environmental crisis affecting the Himalayas-Ganges Plain area, the causes generally invoked and the recommended solutions? What can be said of the predicted disasters and of the factors identified so far? By associating various disciplines (geography, social anthropology, history, agronomy...) with the knowledge imparted by the populations studied, meticulous fieldwork, as well as archive research, this book prompts us to re-examine the catastrophist theories on the degradation of Himalayan environments by placing them in a spatial, temporal and cultural context. Thus, in these mountains, the issue seems not so much one of environmental problems linked to deforestation - which is, moreover, supposedly a recent phenomenon - as of problems of a society that, in trying to protect its environment, leaves the most underprivileged populations by the wayside. It would also appear that any intervention in these milieux needs to take into account their symbolic and religious dimension, as well as the very precise knowledge populations have of them. Finally, this work contributes to fuelling debates on major environmental changes on a planetary scale and no doubt to reformulating them

Chapitre II. Les composantes du paysage ladakhi

Situé entièrement sur le versant Nord de la chaîne himalayenne à une altitude partout supérieure à 2 700 m, le Ladakh (figure 10) appartient au domaine des hautes montagnes subtropicales sèches, à fortes affinités continentales. Les basses températures et le gel prolongé limitent la saison de culture d’avril à septembre. La faiblesse des précipitations, associée à l’évapotranspiration intense en été font que partout l’irrigation des cultures est indispensable. De fait, l’installation humaine ..

Chapitre VII. Incursion toponymique au cœur de deux territoires villageois du Ladakh

Les toponymes analysés ici ont été recueillis dans deux oasis, toutes deux situées en rive droite de l’Indus, dans le massif du Ladakh, et arrosées par de petits torrents nés des glaciers d’altitude. Le premier territoire villageois, du nom de Sabu, se trouve dans la région du haut Ladakh, à quelques kilomètres à l’est de la ville de Leh (photo 45, figure 36). C’est dans une longue vallée régulière, bordée de part et d’autre par deux éperons rocheux aux sommets peu saillants mais aux versants..

Methiothepin Increases Chemotherapy Efficacy against Resistant Melanoma Cells

International audienceWe previously reported that methiothepin, a small molecule known as a nonselective serotonin 5-HT receptor antagonist, inhibited the doxorubicin efflux activity of the Hedgehog receptor Ptch1 and enhanced the cytotoxic, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, and anti-clonogenic effects of doxorubicin on adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Here, we show that methiothepin also inhibits doxorubicin efflux and increases doxorubicin cytotoxicity in melanoma cells which endogenously overexpress Ptch1. Melanoma patients having the BRAFV600E mutation are treated with vemurafenib, an inhibitor of BRAFV600E, often in combination with trametinib, an inhibitor of MEK. Almost all patients ultimately acquire resistance to the treatment leading to disease progression. Here, we report that methiothepin overcomes the resistance of BRAFV600E melanoma cells by enhancing the cytotoxicity of vemurafenib and trametinib on these cells leading to melanoma cells death. We observe that the addition of methiothepin to vemurafenib prevents migration of resistant melanoma cells more efficiently than vemurafenib alone. Our results provide an additional proof that Ptch1 drug efflux inhibition increases the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatments and overcomes resistance of melanoma cells expressing Ptch1

NaV1.5 Na+ channels allosterically regulate the NHE-1 exchanger and promote the activity of breast cancer cell invadopodia

International audienceThe degradation of the extracellular matrix by cancer cells represents an essential step in metastatic progression and this is performed by cancer cell structures called invadopodia. Na V 1.5 (also known as SCN5A) Na + channels are overexpressed in breast cancer tumours and are associated with metastatic occurrence. It has been previously shown that Na V 1.5 activity enhances breast cancer cell invasiveness through perimembrane acidification and subsequent degradation of the extracellular matrix by cysteine cathepsins. Here, we show that Na V 1.5 colocalises with Na + /H + exchanger type 1 (NHE-1) and caveolin-1 at the sites of matrix remodelling in invadopodia of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. NHE-1, Na V 1.5 and caveolin-1 co-immunoprecipitated, which indicates a close association between these proteins. We found that the expression of Na V 1.5 was responsible for the allosteric modulation of NHE-1, rendering it more active at the intracellular pH range of 6.4-7; thus, it potentially extrudes more protons into the extracellular space. Furthermore, Na V 1.5 expression increased Src kinase activity and the phosphorylation (Y421) of the actin-nucleation-promoting factor cortactin, modified F-actin polymerisation and promoted the acquisition of an invasive morphology in these cells. Taken together, our study suggests that Na V 1.5 is a central regulator of invadopodia formation and activity in breast cancer cells