Le fabuliste, le professeur de FLE et les méthodologies

Nous nous proposons d’examiner la place tenue par les Fables de La Fontaine dans les différentes méthodologies d’enseignement-apprentissage du FLE (français langue étrangère). Pour mener cette étude, nous avons examiné une sélection représentative de méthodes de FLE destinées à des publics d’enfants, d’adolescents et d\u27adultes, manuels généralistes de langue, mais aussi manuels plus spécifiques consacrés à la découverte de la littérature (type anthologies). Nous avons complété cette étude par celle du Français dans le monde, revue pédagogique à destination des enseignants de FLE. Les questions posées à partir du corpus retenu concernent la sélection des Fables présentées, leurs modalités de présence et d’exploitation. Nous avons choisi d’envisager la question d’un point de vue diachronique et de nous intéresser à la manière dont la place des Fables varie au gré des méthodologies. Pendant la période envisagée (des années 1950 à aujourd’hui), le texte littéraire a été tout d’abord « sacralisé », puis « désacralisé » (Gruca, 1993) ; depuis une quinzaine d’années, on observe un regain d’intérêt à son endroit, même si de nombreux freins subsistent. Notre étude montre que les Fables sont passées du statut de classique pour les apprenants de FLE à celui d’échantillon du patrimoine culturel français, et nous permet, chemin faisant, d’interroger la place de la littérature et la notion de patrimoine littéraire dans le domaine spécifique du FLE

Fish Welfare in Aquaculture: Physiological and Immunological Activities for Diets, Social and Spatial Stress on Mediterranean Aqua Cultured Species

Welfare assessment currently is less well-characterized for aquatic animals and the clas- sical methodologies used for terrestrial animals are not adequate to improve our knowledge about fish well-being. Among different approaches, the status of organism responses can be carried out using different physiological and biochemical tools. Here, we present the state of the art regarding fish welfare, methodologies, and experimental results with a particular focus on two important Mediterranean aquaculture species, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. We introduce an approach using physiological stress-indicators, growth performance and swimming activity to investigate the effects of the implantation of electronic tags to facilitate the application of telemetry for aquaculture purposes. The application of telemetry to research on aquatic organisms has expanded recently, and its utilization needs to be better understood. The mentioned approaches have been discussed for application in different aquaculture methodologies. Moreover, social stress and territoriality are relevant factors in the evaluation of gregarious species that may have consequences on the conditions of animals farmed in captivity. These aspects, that may impair the ability of fish to respond to various stimuli or negatively influence the flesh quality, here are analysed through behavioural observation, flanked by the physiological and immunological approach

Step-by-step regeneration of tentacles after injury in anemonia viridis—morphological and structural cell analyses

Benthic marine invertebrates, such as corals, are often subjected to injury caused by several sources. Here, the differences and characteristics in injured and health tissues in terms of cellular components are shown through a histological investigation of the soft coral Anemonia viridis at 0 h, 6 h, 24 h, and 7 days after injury caused by tentacle amputation. In addition, a new tool was used for the first time in invertebrates, positron emission tomography, in order to investigate the events that occur during regeneration within a longer time period (0 h, 24 h, and 14 days after the tentacles were cut). Higher integrated density values were measured through a densitometric analysis in sections stained with Fontana-Masson at 24 h after the tentacles were cut. This suggests an increase in melanin-like containing cells and a subsequent increase in fibroblast-like cells differentiated by amoebocytes that converge to the lesion site in the early stages of inflammation and regeneration. This work provides, for the first time, an elucidation of the events that occur during wound-healing and regeneration in basal metazoan, focusing on the characterisation of immune cells and their role. Our results indicate that Mediterranean anthozoan proves to be a valuable model for studying regeneration. Many events highlighted in this research occur in different phyla, suggesting that they are highly conserved

Global warming-related response after bacterial challenge in Astroides calycularis, a Mediterranean thermophilic coral

A worldwide increase in the prevalence of coral diseases and mortality has been linked to ocean warming due to changes in coral-associated bacterial communities, pathogen virulence, and immune system function. In the Mediterranean basin, the worrying upward temperature trend has already caused recurrent mass mortality events in recent decades. To evaluate how elevated seawater temperatures affect the immune response of a thermophilic coral species, colonies of Astroides calycularis were exposed to environmental (23 °C) or elevated (28 °C) temperatures, and subsequently challenged with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Using immunolabeling with specific antibodies, we detected the production of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), molecules involved in coral immune responses, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) activity, involved in general responses to thermal stress. A histological approach allowed us to characterize the tissue sites of activation (epithelium and/or gastroderm) under different experimental conditions. The activity patterns of the examined markers after 6 h of LPS stimulation revealed an up-modulation at environmental temperature. Under warmer conditions plus LPS-challenge, TLR4-NF-kB activation was almost completely suppressed, while constituent elevated values were recorded under thermal stress only. An HSP70 up-regulation appeared in both treatments at elevated temperature, with a significantly higher activation in LPS-challenge colonies. Such an approach is useful for further understanding the molecular pathogen-defense mechanisms in corals in order to disentangle the complex interactive effects on the health of these ecologically relevant organisms related to global climate change

The Interplay of TLR-NFκB Signalling Pathway and Functional Immune-Related Enzymes in the Inflammatory Response of Ciona robusta

Ascidians (Tunicata) are a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the dynamics of immune responses under bacterial challenge in Ciona robusta, we exposed ascidians to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Immunohistochemistry analysis on two components of the nuclear factor kappa B (Nf kappa B) key signalling pathway, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NF kappa B, showed their over-expression on tissue of LPS-injected ascidians. Also, several enzymes related to immune responses were up-modulated following the LPS challenge. Our study suggests a broad and complex innate immune activation in the regulation of tunicate inflammatory responses. The close phylogenetic relationship between ascidians (Tunicata) and vertebrates makes them a powerful model for studying the innate immune system. To better understand the nature and dynamics of immune responses and the mechanisms through which bacterial infections are detected and translated into inflammation in Ciona robusta, we applied an approach combining in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, immune-labelling techniques and functional enzymatic analyses. The immunohistochemistry showed that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) were expressed during the inflammatory pharynx response 4 h post-LPS, with the formation of nodules in pharynx vessel lumen. Also, the endothelium vessels were involved in the inflammatory response. Observations of histological sections from naive and buffer-inoculated ascidians confirmed an immuno-positive response. Enzyme immune parameters-which included the activity of phenoloxidase, glutathione peroxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and esterase-showed up-modulation 4 h after LPS injection, confirming their participation during ascidian inflammatory response. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the LPS-induced C. robusta response and suggest that a broad innate immune mechanism, as in vertebrates, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Further findings in this direction are needed to cover knowledge gaps regarding the organized set of molecular and cellular networks involved in universal immune interactions with pathogens

Contribuição da abordagem geocientífica no ensino fundamental : tempo geológico, origem do petróleo e mudanças ambientais

O presente artigo descreve uma experiência em sala de aula com alunos da 4ª série do ensino fundamental em escola pública em São Paulo, Brasil. Em 2007 foram desenvolvidas atividades do conteúdo programático de Ciências, segundo uma abordagem geológica. O objetivo inicial da professora era dar aos alunos referenciais importantes para explorarem e compreenderem os recursos naturais renováveis e não renováveis, usando como tema gerador o petróleo e as conseqüências ecológicas dos grandes derramamentos ou vazamentos do produto no mar. Baseando-se na metodologia dialética, a partir de argumentações e perguntas elaboradas, procurou-se estabelecer contextos, diferentes significados e representações do assunto, sendo a parceria entre professora e pesquisadora essencial para a superação da fragmentação do saber sobre a questão do conteúdo e sua relação com a didática

Equinins as Novel Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides Isolated from the Cnidarian Actinia equina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sea anemones are valuable for therapeutic research as a diversified source of bioactive molecules, due to their diverse bioactive molecules linked to predation and defence mechanisms involving toxins and antimicrobial peptides. Acid extracts from Actinia equina tentacles and body were examined for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. The peptide fractions showed interesting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (up to 0.125 μg/mL) against the tested pathogens. Further investigation and characterization of tentacle acid extracts with significant antimicrobial activity led to the purification of peptides through reverse phase chromatography on solid phase and HPLC. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide activity was found in 40% acetonitrile fractions. The resulting peptides had a molecular mass of 2612.91 and 3934.827 Da and MIC ranging from 0.06 to 0.20 mg/mL. Sequencing revealed similarities to AMPs found in amphibians, fish, and Cnidaria, with anti-Gram+, Gram-, antifungal, candidacidal, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenemase-producing, vancomycin-resistant bacteria, and multi-drug resistant activity. Peptides 6.2 and 7.3, named Equinin A and B, respectively, were synthesized and evaluated in vitro towards the above-mentioned bacterial pathogens. Equinin B exerted interesting antibacterial activity (MIC and bactericidal concentrations of 1 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively) and gene organization supporting its potential in applied research

Le français langue de scolarisation face à l'hétérogénéité langagière

Violaine Bigot et Nadja Maillard ont croisé cent vingt-huit questionnaires recueillant les déclarations d’enseignants de l’école primaire avec des observations de classe pour comprendre les difficultés et les enjeux liés à l’enseignement du français langue de scolarisation comme un ensemble de pratiques discursives où les élèves sont conduits à appréhender la variation langagière sous une diversité de formes. Comment les enseignants mobilisent-ils les catégories pour penser la question de la variation en contexte scolaire ? Quelles sont les difficultés que pose, dans les échanges « impromptus » de la classe, le traitement de l’hétérogénéité constitutive des pratiques langagières ? Les auteures mettent en évidence la nécessité de dépasser l’opposition que constitue la paire « oral/ écrit » pour poser un autre regard sur la question de la variatio

The burden of endometriosis on women’s lifespan: A narrative overview on quality of life and psychosocial wellbeing

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease affecting more than 170 million women worldwide and up to 10% of women of reproductive age. As a consequence of inflammatory reaction and infiltration of anatomic structures, endometriosis can cause “pain symptoms” including dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, dyschezia, dysuria, and chronic pelvic pain. In this review, we summarized the impact of endometriosis on quality of life in all its aspects including sexual life, work, and social relationships. The data research was conducted using web‐based search engines and/or various electronic research databases querying for all articles related to endometriosis and quality of life from the inception of the database up to February 2020. Endometriosis has not only physical but also psychological effects, causing depression, anxiety, and compromising social relationships. Furthermore, endometriosis negatively impacts sexual life and social relationships. At last, the economic burden of endometriosis should not be underestimated, both individually and for the community, as this pathology leads to a loss of productivity at work and large use of health resources. Thus, endometriosis‐related symptoms control women’s lives compromising the quality of life in all aspects. In this review, we summarized the impact of endometriosis on various aspects of women’s lives