Shorting the Climate: Fossil Fuel Finance Report Card 2016

This seventh annual report card on energy financing evaluates top global private sector banks based on their financing for the fossil fuel industry. For 2016, the report has been expanded to high-risk subsectors of the oil and gas industry. It also analyzes patterns of private bank financing for coal, oil, and gas projects that have been financially disastrous and inflicted severe damage on communities, ecosystems, and the climate. The report identifies pervasive risk management failures across the North American and European banking sector on fossil fuel financing and calls for a fundamental realignment of bank energy financing to end support for fossil fuel projects and companies that are incompatible with climate stabilization.In the past three years, the North American and European commercial and investment banking sector has engaged in fossil fuel financing practices that are deeply at odds with the global climate agreement reached at COP 21 last December. The Paris Climate Agreement's target of limiting warming to 1.5°C (or, at most, 2°C) above pre-industrial levels will require a rapid decarbonization of the global energy system. Distressingly, levels of fossil fuel financing by major North American and European banks between 2013 and 2015 are incompatible with these climate stabilization targets:Coal mining - As leaders of climate-vulnerable states called for a global moratorium on new coal mines, top banks financed $42.39 billion for companies active in coal mining, led by Deutsche Bank with$6.73 billion.Coal power - In spite of a recent study concluding that the current pipeline of planned coal power plants would put the 2°C climate target out of reach by the end of 2017, these banks financed $154 billion for top operators of coal power plants, led by Citigroup with$24.06 billion.Extreme oil (Arctic, tar sands, and ultra-deep offshore) - Future development of most of these high-cost, highrisk oil reserves is incompatible with even the 2°C target, but banks financed $307 billion for the top owners of the world's untapped "extreme oil" reserves, led by JPMorgan Chase with$37.77 billion.Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) export - Banks financed $283 billion, led by JPMorgan Chase with$30.58 billion, for companies involved with LNG export terminals in North America, which have enormous carbon footprints and are stranded assets in the making based on a 2°C climate scenario.Under pressure from global civil society, several U.S. and European banks have announced restrictions on financing for coal since last year. However, most of these policies fall well short of the necessary full phase-out of financing for coal mining and coal power production; as the report's grades for extreme oil and LNG export finance indicate, banks continue to finance these sectors on a nearly unrestricted basis. Banks also continue to fall distressingly short of their human rights obligations according to the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, leaving banks complicit in human rights abuses by several of their corporate clients in the fossil fuel industry

Agonists for the adenosine A(1) receptor with tunable residence time: a case for nonribose 4-Amino-6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiopyrimidines

Medicinal Chemistr

Acces stéréo-et énantiosélectif aux aminoalcools acétyléniques et aux stéréotriades O, N, O acétyléniques (applications à la synthèse totale d'alcaloïdes naturels hydroxylés)

Durant ce travail de thèse, une voie d accès sélective aux 1,2-aminoalcools acétyléniques syn a été développée. Celle-ci repose sur l addition de 3-(méthoxyméthoxy)allénylcuprates racémiques sur des N-tert-butanesulfinylimines énantiopures. Les limites de la réaction ont été étudiées en employant des imines dérivées d aldéhydes variés. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée à la synthèse d alcaloïdes naturels comme la (+)- -conhydrine et le ( )-balanol.La réaction a ensuite été étendue avec succès à la formation de 2-amino-1,3-diols acétyléniques de stéréochimies relatives anti,syn et syn,syn. Cette nouvelle méthodologie, complémentaire de celle précédemment développée au laboratoire, a permis de développer de nouvelles synthèses d'indolizidines polyhydroxylées et en particulier les synthèses de la (+)-6-epi-castanospermine, de la ( )-swainsonine et de la ( )-8-epi-swainsonine. La méthodologie développée est flexible et devrait par exemple permettre de synthétiser des 8,8a-di-epi-castanospermines et la 8,8a-di-epi-swainsonine.La mise au point d'une réaction de cyclisation 5-endo-dig sur des 1,2-aminoéthers acétyléniques devant permettre d'accéder à des pyrrolizidines polyhydroxylées a également étéPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ensuring QoS of Multimedia Applications in Heterogeneous Home Networks: The CPU Use Case

International audienc

Glycolysis Controls Plasma Membrane Glucose Sensors To Promote Glucose Signaling in Yeasts

International audienceSensing of extracellular glucose is necessary for cells to adapt to glucose variation in their environment. In the respiratory yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, extracellular glucose controls the expression of major glucose permease gene RAG1 through a cascade similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Snf3/Rgt2/Rgt1 glucose signaling pathway. This regulation depends also on intracellular glucose metabolism since we previously showed that glucose induction of the RAG1 gene is abolished in glycolytic mutants. Here we show that glycolysis regulates RAG1 expression through the K. lactis Rgt1 (KlRgt1) glucose signaling pathway by targeting the localization and probably the stability of Rag4, the single Snf3/Rgt2-type glucose sensor of K. lactis. Additionally, the control exerted by glycolysis on glucose signaling seems to be conserved in S. cerevisiae. This retrocontrol might prevent yeasts from unnecessary glucose transport and intracellular glucose accumulation

Characterization of KlGRR1 and SMS1 Genes, Two New Elements of the Glucose Signaling Pathway of Kluyveromyces lactis▿

The expression of the major glucose transporter gene, RAG1, is induced by glucose in Kluyveromyces lactis. This regulation involves several pathways, including one that is similar to Snf3/Rgt2-ScRgt1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified missing key components of the K. lactis glucose signaling pathway by comparison to the same pathway of S. cerevisiae. We characterized a new mutation, rag19, which impairs RAG1 regulation. The Rag19 protein is 43% identical to the F-box protein ScGrr1 of S. cerevisiae and is able to complement an Scgrr1 mutation. In the K. lactis genome, we identified a single gene, SMS1 (for similar to Mth1 and Std1), that encodes a protein showing an average of 50% identity with Mth1 and Std1, regulators of the ScRgt1 repressor. The suppression of the rag4 (glucose sensor), rag8 (casein kinase I), and rag19 mutations by the Δsms1 deletion, together with the restoration of RAG1 transcription in the double mutants, demonstrates that Sms1 is a negative regulator of RAG1 expression and is acting downstream of Rag4, Rag8, and Rag19 in the cascade. We report that Sms1 regulates KlRgt1 repressor activity by preventing its phosphorylation in the absence of glucose, and that SMS1 is regulated by glucose, both at the transcriptional and the posttranslational level. Two-hybrid interactions of Sms1 with the glucose sensor and KlRgt1 repressor suggest that Sms1 mediates the glucose signal from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. All of these data demonstrated that Sms1 was the K. lactis homolog of MTH1 and STD1 of S. cerevisiae. Interestingly, MTH1 and STD1 were unable to complement a Δsms1 mutation

Synthesis of (−)-Swainsonine and (−)-8-<i>epi</i>-Swainsonine by the Addition of Allenylmetals to Chiral α,β-Alkoxy Sulfinylimines

The asymmetric synthesis of (−)-swainsonine and (−)-8-<i>epi</i>-swainsonine is reported through the addition of either the allenylzinc or the allenyl lithio cyanocuprate reagents derived from [3-(methoxymethoxy)prop-1-ynyl]trimethylsilane to enantiopure α,β-dialkoxy <i>N-tert</i>-butanesulfinylimines derived from d-erythronolactone

Tailoring the Reactivity of the Langlois Reagent and Styrenes with Cyanoarenes Organophotocatalysts under Visible‐Light

International audienc