A reference genetic map of C. clementina hort. ex Tan.; citrus evolution inferences from comparative mapping

Background: Most modern citrus cultivars have an interspecific origin. As a foundational step towards deciphering the interspecific genome structures, a reference whole genome sequence was produced by the International Citrus Genome Consortium from a haploid derived from Clementine mandarin. The availability of a saturated genetic map of Clementine was identified as an essential prerequisite to assist the whole genome sequence assembly. Clementine is believed to be a 'Mediterranean' mandarin x sweet orange hybrid, and sweet orange likely arose from interspecific hybridizations between mandarin and pummelo gene pools. The primary goals of the present study were to establish a Clementine reference map using codominant markers, and to perform comparative mapping of pummelo, sweet orange, and Clementine. Results: Five parental genetic maps were established from three segregating populations, which were genotyped with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Insertion-Deletion (Indel) markers. An initial medium density reference map (961 markers for 1084.1 cM) of the Clementine was established by combining male and female Clementine segregation data. This Clementine map was compared with two pummelo maps and a sweet orange map. The linear order of markers was highly conserved in the different species. However, significant differences in map size were observed, which suggests a variation in the recombination rates. Skewed segregations were much higher in the male than female Clementine mapping data. The mapping data confirmed that Clementine arose from hybridization between 'Mediterranean' mandarin and sweet orange. The results identified nine recombination break points for the sweet orange gamete that contributed to the Clementine genome. Conclusions: A reference genetic map of citrus, used to facilitate the chromosome assembly of the first citrus reference genome sequence, was established. The high conservation of marker order observed at the interspecific level should allow reasonable inferences of most citrus genome sequences by mapping next-generation sequencing (NGS) data in the reference genome sequence. The genome of the haploid Clementine used to establish the citrus reference genome sequence appears to have been inherited primarily from the 'Mediterranean' mandarin. The high frequency of skewed allelic segregations in the male Clementine data underline the probable extent of deviation from Mendelian segregation for characters controlled by heterozygous loci in male parents

La lamotrigine (aspects thérapeutique et analytique)

CAEN-BU Médecine pharmacie (141182102) / SudocLYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Implementation of health aspects (ER N°3) in the Construction Products; Directive (CPD) regarding emissions to indoor air

Standardisation work on test methods for dangerous substances released in the indoor air by construction products is currently ongoing at European level. The paper presents a study conducted in Belgium, which compares methods in three different test chambers and aiming at assessing the performance of the products placed on the market

Horizontal evaluation method for the implementation of the construction products directive - emissions from construction products into indoor air

peer reviewedWorldwide different (mostly voluntary) approaches exist to evaluate emissions from construction products. The importance of the relation between construction products and health & environment is highlighted in the mandatory European Construction Products Directive (CPD). One of the objectives of the European Construction Products Directive (CPD) is to harmonize the technical specifications with regard to dangerous substances and construction materials as stated in the Essential Requirement N°3 “Hygiene, health and the environment” (ER3). The Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) is involved in the implementation of ER3 by participation in standardisation work on CEN (CEN/TC 351) and EOTA (EOTA PT9) level. This paper presents first results of ongoing BBRI research activities in collaboration with VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research) and ULg (Université de Liège) concerning “horizontal evaluation method for implementation of the CPD (HEMICPD)”: http://www.bbri.be/go/hemicpd

Olfactory, chemical and e-nose measurements to characterize odors emission of construct materials for the implementation of the European construction products directive (CPD) on a Belgian level

peer reviewe

Determination of local diffusion properties in heterogeneous biomaterials

The coupling between structure and diffusion properties is essential for the functionality of heterogeneous biomaterials. Structural heterogeneity is defined and its implications for time-dependent diffusion are discussed in detail. The effect of structural heterogeneity in biomaterials on diffusion and the relevance of length scales are exemplified with regard to different biomaterials such as gels, emulsions, phase separated biopolymer mixtures and chocolate. Different diffusion measurement techniques for determination of diffusion properties at different length and time scales are presented. The interplay between local and global diffusion is discussed. New measurement techniques have emerged that enable simultaneous determination of both structure and local diffusion properties. Special emphasis is given to fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The possibilities of FRAP at a conceptual level is presented. The method of FRAP is briefly reviewed and its use in heterogeneous biomaterials, at barriers and during dynamic changes of the structure is discussed

Surface-Directed Structure Formation of beta-Lactoglobulin Inside Droplets

The morphology of beta-lactoglobulin structures inside droplets was studied during aggregation and gelation using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CISM) equipped with a temperature stage and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that there is a strong driving force for the protein to move to the interface between oil and water in the droplet, and the beta-lactoglobulin formed a dense shell around the droplet built up from the inside of the droplets. Less protein was found inside the droplets. The longer the beta-lactoglobulin was allowed to aggregate prior to gel formation, the larger the part of the protein went to the interface, resulting in a thicker shell and very little material being left inside the droplets. The droplets were easily deformed because no network stabilizes them. When 0.5% emulsifier, polyglycerol polyresinoleat (PGPR), was added to the oil phase, the beta-lactoglobulin was situated both inside the droplets and at the interface between the droplets and the oil phase; when 2% PGPR was added, the beta-lactoglobulin structure was concentrated to the inside of the droplets. The possibility to use the different morphological structures of beta-lactoglobulin in droplets to control the diffusion rate through a beta-lactoglobulin network was evaluated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The results show differences in the diffusion rate due to heterogeneities in the structure: the diffusion of a large water-soluble molecule, FITC-dextran, in a dense particulate gel was 1/4 of the diffusion rate in a more open particulate beta-lactoglobulin gel in which the diffusion rate was similar to that in pure water