Infecção por Leishmania sp. em cães de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil

The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania sp. infection in dogs (N = 491) living in the municipality of Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, which was considered a disease-free region for visceral leishmaniasis until 2011, when autochthonous cases of canine disease were notified. Seroprevalence in this population was assessed by ELISA (0.4%; 2/491) and IFAT (4.09%; 24/491). Only one dog exhibited seroreactivity in both serological methods, comprising a total of 25 (5.3%) seroreagent animals. Leishmania sp. DNA, obtained from a sample of whole blood of this animal, was amplified by both conventional and Real-Time PCR. Sequencing of the amplified DNA and, thereby, determination of the Leishmania species involved, was not possible. Our results suggest the necessity of a thorough epidemiological investigation in Florianópolis.O objetivo do presente estudo foi pesquisar a ocorrência de infecção por Leishmania sp. em cães (N = 491) domiciliados no município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, considerada uma região indene para leishmaniose visceral até o ano de 2011, quando foram notificados casos autóctones da doença canina. A soroprevalência na população foi avaliada por ELISA (0,4%; 2/491) e RIFI (4,09%; 24/491). Somente um cão apresentou sororeatividade em ambos os métodos sorológicos, totalizando 25 (5,3%) animais sororeagentes. O DNA de Leishmania sp., obtido de uma amostra do sangue total desse animal, foi amplificado por PCR convencional e PCR em Tempo Real. Não foi possível realizar o sequenciamento do DNA amplificado e, deste modo, determinar a espécie de Leishmania envolvida. Os nossos resultados sugerem a necessidade de uma investigação epidemiológica minuciosa em Florianópolis

Detecção de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum syn chagasi em cães de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose que vem se expandido por todo o território paulista desde 1998, quando foi identificado o primeiro caso canino autóctone, no município de Araçatuba. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania infantum syn chagasi em amostras de soro de 584 cães de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, área não endêmica para a doença. Cinco cães (0,86%) foram soro reagentes pela técnica de ELISA e um (0,17%) por imunocromatografia. A reação de imunofluorescência indireta, realizada em 138 animais que possuíam densidades ópticas acima ou próximas ao ponto de corte do ELISA evidenciou dois cães (1,45%) com títulos acima de 1:40. Apenas um animal foi sororeagente nas três técnicas sorológicas. Apesar deste cão não apresentar histórico de deslocamento para áreas endêmicas, havia sido adquirido em região com casos caninos e humanos de LV. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo fazem supor que não existiam casos autóctones de LV canina na população estudada.Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been a widespread zoonosis in São Paulo since 1998, when the first autochthonous canine case was identified in Araçatuba. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of anti-Leishmania infantum syn chagasi antibodies in serum samples of 584 dogs from São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, a non endemic area for the disease. Five dogs (0.86%) seroconverted by ELISA and one (0.17%) by immunochromatography. The indirect immunofluorescent reaction, carried out in 138 animals whose optical densities were above or close to ELISA's cutt-off point, evidenced two dogs (1.45%) with titers above 1:40. Only one dog was serum-reactive on the three techniques. Although there was not a history of displacing this animal to endemic areas, the dog had been acquired in a region with canine and human cases of VL. These results suggests that there were no autochthonous cases of canine VL in this population

Clinical and epidemiological characterization of leishmaniasis in dogs in São Paulo State

The occurrence of visceral or cutaneous canine leishmaniasis cases among dermatophatic dogs admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry - University of São Paulo from 1997 to 2008 was retrospectively characterized. For the diagnosis of 427 animals, serological (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Indirect Immunofluorescence and/or Complement Fixation), parasitological and molecular (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests were performed, which resulted in 117 (27.4%) confirmed positive cases. Of these, 96 (82.1%) were pure breed dogs and the others 21 (17.9%) were cross breed, being 57 (48.7%) females and 60 (51.3%) males. In terms of age, 26 (22.2%) were younger than 36 months, 48 (41%) were between 36 and 84 months, and 43 (36.8%) were older than seven years old. Sixty-four (54.7%) dogs were considered oligosymptomatic, 44 (37.6%) symptomatic, and the remaining nine (7.7%) asymptomatic. The main clinical findings were, in descending order, dermal lesions, lymphadenopathy, anemia, dysorexia, prostration and splenomegaly. As for hematological disorders, relative and absolute lymphopenia was the most important findings. Ninety-six (82.1%) of the positive animals correspond to allochthonus cases from São Paulo municipality.Caracterizou-se retrospectivamente, a partir do ano de 1997 até março de 2008, a ocorrência de casos de leishmaniose, visceral ou tegumentar, dentre os cães dermatopatas atendidos em serviço especializado de hospital-escola veterinário de Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Para o diagnóstico em 427 animais, foram utilizados testes sorológicos (Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto, Imunofluorescência Indireta e/ou Fixação de Complemento), parasitológicos diretos e moleculares (Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase), que resultaram na confirmação de 117 (27,4%) casos positivos. Da amostragem, 96 (82,1%) eram cães de raça definida, os demais 21 (17,9%) não dispunham de plena definição racial, sendo 57 (48,7%) fêmeas e 60 (51,3%) machos. Quanto à faixa etária, 26 (22,2%) apresentavam idade inferior a 36 meses, 48 (41%) entre 36 e 84 meses e 43 (36,8%) ultrapassavam o sétimo ano de vida. Considerou-se 64 (54,7%) cães como oligossintomáticos, 44 (37,6%) sintomáticos e os nove (7,7%) remanescentes como assintomáticos. As principais alterações clínicas observadas foram, em ordem decrescente, lesões tegumentares, linfonodomegalia, anemia, disorexia, prostração e esplenomegalia. Quanto às alterações hematológicas, a mais importante foi a linfopenia relativa e absoluta. Dos animais positivos para a enfermidade, 96 (82,1%) correspondeu a casuística alóctone ao Município de São Paulo

Evaluation of Rhamnetin as an Inhibitor of the Pharmacological Effect of Secretory Phospholipase A2

Rhamnetin (Rhm), 3-O-methylquercetin (3MQ), and Rhamnazin (Rhz) are methylated derivatives of quercetin commonly found in fruits and vegetables that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) displays several important roles during acute inflammationtherefore, this study aimed at investigating new compounds able to inhibit this enzyme, besides evaluating creatine kinase (CK) levels and citotoxicity. Methylated quercetins were compared with quercetin (Q) and were incubated with secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) from Bothrops jararacussu to determine their inhibitory activity. Cytotoxic studies were performed by using the J774 cell lineage incubated with quercertins. In vivo tests were performed with Swiss female mice to evaluate decreasing paw edema potential and compounds' CK levels. Structural modifications on sPLA2 were made with circular dichroism (CD). Despite Q and Rhz showing greater enzymatic inhibitory potential, high CK was observed. Rhm exhibited sPLA2 inhibitory potential, no toxicity and, remarkably, it decreased CK levels. The presence of 3OH on the C-ring of Rhm may contribute to both its anti-inflammatory and enzymatic inhibition of sPLA2, and the methylation of ring A may provide the increase in cell viability and low CK level induced by sPLA2. These results showed that Rhm can be a candidate as a natural compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed São Paulo, Postgrad Program Food Nutr & Hlth, BR-11015020 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Biosci Inst, BR-11330900 São Paulo, BrazilBrazil Univ, Prorector Res, BR-08230030 São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Pathol Lab Infect Dis LIM50, Dept Pathol, Sch Med, BR-01246903 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed São Paulo, Postgrad Program Food Nutr & Hlth, BR-11015020 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Serum cytokine responses over the entire clinical-immunological spectrum of human leishmania (l.) infantum chagasi infection

The clinical-immunological spectrum of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in Amazonian Brazil was recently reviewed based on clinical, DTH, and IFAT (IgG) evaluations that identified five profiles: three asymptomatic (asymptomatic infection, AIsubclinical resistant infection, SRIand indeterminate initial infection, III) and two symptomatic (symptomatic infection, SIAmerican visceral leishmaniasis, AVLand subclinical oligosymptomatic infection, SOI). TNF-alpha, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 serum cytokines were analyzed using multiplexed Cytometric Bead Array in 161 samples from endemic areas in the Brazilian Amazon: SI [AVL] (21 cases), III (49), SRI (19), SOI (12), AI (36), and a control group [CG] (24). The highest IL-6 serumlevels were observed in the SI profile (AVL)higher IL-10 serum levels were observed in SI than in SOI or CG and in AI and III than in SOIhigher TNF-alpha serum levels were seen in SI than in CG. Positive correlations were found between IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in the SI and III profiles and between IL-6 and TNF-alpha and between IL-4 and TNF-alpha in the III profile. These results provide strong evidence for associating IL-6 and IL-10 with the immunopathogenesis of AVL and help clarify the role of these cytokines in the infection spectrum.Instituto Evandro Chagas (Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude, Ministerio da Saude, Brazil)Nucleo de Medicina Tropical (Universidade Federal do Para, Brazil)Laboratorio de Investigacao Medica (LIM)-50 (Hospital de Clinicas (HC)-Faculdade de Medicina (FM)-Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Brazil)Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2006/56319-1]Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, BrazilAlbert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, SP, BrazilDivision of Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilPathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, BrazilTropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, BrazilDivision of Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2006/56319-1Web of Scienc

Repurposing Butenafine as An Oral Nanomedicine for Visceral Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease a_ecting more than 12 million people worldwide, which in its visceral clinical form (VL) is characterised by the accumulation of parasites in the liver and spleen, and can lead to death if not treated. Available treatments are not well tolerated due to severe adverse e_ects, need for parenteral administration and patient hospitalisation, and long duration of expensive treatments. These treatment realities justify the search for new e_ective drugs, repurposing existing licensed drugs towards safer and non-invasive cost-e_ective medicines for VL. In this work, we provide proof of concept studies of butenafine and butenafine self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (B-SNEDDS) against Leishmania infantum. Liquid B-SNEDDS were optimised using design of experiments, and then were spray-dried onto porous colloidal silica carriers to produce solid-B-SNEDDS with enhanced flow properties and drug stability. Optimal liquid B-SNEDDS consisted of Butenafine:Capryol 90:Peceol:Labrasol (3:49.5:24.2:23.3 w/w), which were then sprayed-dried with Aerosil 200 with a final 1:2 (Aerosil:liquid B-SNEDDS w/w) ratio. Spray-dried particles exhibited near-maximal drug loading, while maintaining excellent powder flow properties (angle of repose <10_) and sustained release in acidic gastrointestinal media. Solid-B-SNEDDS demonstrated greater selectivity index against promastigotes and L. infantum-infected amastigotes than butenafine alone. Developed oral solid nanomedicines enable the non-invasive and safe administration of butenafine as a cost-e_ective and readily scalable repurposed medicine for VL

Ultradeformable lipid vesicles localize amphotericin B in the dermis for the treatment of infectious skin diseases

Cutaneous fungal and parasitic diseases remain challenging to treat, as available therapies are unable to permeate the skin barrier. Thus, treatment options rely on systemic therapy, which fail to produce high local drug concentrations but can lead to significant systemic toxicity. Amphotericin B (AmB) is highly efficacious in the treatment of both fungal and parasitic diseases such as cutaneous leishmaniasis but is reserved for parenteral administration in patients with severe pathophysiology. Here, we have designed and optimized AmB-transfersomes [93.5% encapsulation efficiency, 150 nm size, and good colloidal stability (-35.02 mV)] that can remain physicochemically stable (>90% drug content) at room temperature and 4 °C over 6 months when lyophilized and stored under desiccated conditions. AmB-transfersomes possessed good permeability across mouse skin (4.91 ± 0.41 μg/cm2/h) and 10-fold higher permeability across synthetic Strat-M membranes. In vivo studies after a single topical application in mice showed permeability and accumulation within the dermis (>25 μg AmB/g skin 6 h postadministration), indicating the delivery of therapeutic amounts of AmB for mycoses and cutaneous leishmaniasis, while a single daily administration in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infected mice over 10 days, resulted in excellent efficacy (98% reduction in Leishmania parasites). Combining the application of AmB-transfersomes with metallic microneedles in vivo increased the levels in the SC and dermis but was unlikely to elicit transdermal levels. In conclusion, AmB-transfersomes are promising and stable topical nanomedicines that can be readily translated for parasitic and fungal infectious diseases

A intervenção do enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação na reeducação da função de eliminação intestinal da pessoa/família com afecção neurológica e cardiovascular

Relatório de Estagio apresentado para obtenção do grau de Mestre na Especialidade em Enfermagem de ReabilitaçãoOs problemas intestinais são comuns nas pessoas com doenças cardiovasculares e neurológicas podendo ter um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida. A reeducação da função de eliminação intestinal é essencialmente do âmbito da enfermagem de reabilitação. O enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem de reabilitação possui um elevado nível de conhecimentos e experiência acrescida que lhe permitem tomar decisões relativas à promoção da saúde, prevenção de complicações secundárias, tratamento e reabilitação maximizando o potencial da pessoa. Os artigos analisados sugerem que o controlo da incontinência fecal e a prevenção da obstipação são possíveis através de programas eficazes de reeducação da função de eliminação intestinal, apontando para a necessidade da realização de estudos de maiores dimensões. Este relatório de estágio pretende ser revelador de aprendizagens a partir de um processo auto formativo, de pesquisa sistemática e reflexão, e mobilizador de um agir em contexto da prática clínica, numa perspectiva de enfermagem avançada. Bowel dysfunction is common among people with cardiovascular and neurological disorders and may have a significant impact on quality of life. Re-education of bowel function is mainly competence of rehabilitation nursing. The nurse specialist in rehabilitation has a high level of knowledge and experience that allows her to make decisions regarding to health promotion, prevention of secondary complications, treatment and rehabilitation maximizing individual potential. The analyzed articles suggest that control of incontinence and constipation prevention is possible through effective programs of rehabilitation of bowel function, pointing to the need of undertaking larger studies. This stage report is intended to express learning from a self-formative process of systematic inquiry and reflection, and promoting action in the context of clinical practice from the perspective of advanced nursing

Detecção de anticorpos anti-leishmania infantum syn chagasi em cães de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been a widespread zoonosis in São Paulo since 1998, when the first autochthonous canine case was identified in Araçatuba. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of anti-Leishmania infantum syn chagasi antibodies in serum samples of 584 dogs from São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, a non endemic area for the disease. Five dogs (0.86%) seroconverted by ELISA and one (0.17%) by immunochromatography. The indirect immunofluorescent reaction, carried out in 138 animals whose optical densities were above or close to ELISA's cutt-off point, evidenced two dogs (1.45%) with titers above 1:40. Only one dog was serum-reactive on the three techniques. Although there was not a history of displacing this animal to endemic areas, the dog had been acquired in a region with canine and human cases of VL. These results suggests that there were no autochthonous cases of canine VL in this population