ADVANCE database characterisation and fit for purpose assessment for multi-country studies on the coverage, benefits and risks of pertussis vaccinations

Introduction: The public-private ADVANCE consortium (Accelerated development of vaccine benefit-risk collaboration in Europe) aimed to assess if electronic healthcare databases can provide fit-for purpose data for collaborative, distributed studies and monitoring of vaccine coverage, benefits and risks of vaccines. Objective: To evaluate if European healthcare databases can be used to estimate vaccine coverage, benefit and/or risk using pertussis-containing vaccines as an example. Methods: Characterisation was conducted using open-source Java-based (Jerboa) software and R scripts. We obtained: (i) The general characteristics of the database and data source (meta-data) and (ii) a detailed description of the database population (size, representatively of age/sex of national population, rounding of birth dates, delay between birth and database entry), vaccinations (number of vaccine doses, recording of doses, pattern of doses by age and coverage) and events of interest (diagnosis codes, incidence rates). A total of nine databases (primary care, regional/national record linkage) provided data on events (pertussis, pneumonia, death, fever, convulsions, injection site reactions, hypotonic hypo-responsive episode, persistent crying) and vaccines (acellular pertussis and whole cell pertussis) related to the pertussis proof of concept studies. Results: The databases contained data for a total population of 44 million individuals. Seven databases had recorded doses of vaccines. The pertussis coverage estimates were similar to those reported by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Incidence rates of ev

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 41 Número 5-6

Suelos. Investigación del Departamento de Edafología (1961-1982), por M. L. Palomar García Villamil, J. González Parra, A. M. Moreno García, M. l. Hernando Massanet, J. Hernando Costa, M. C. Fernández Bermejo, J. A. Egido Rodríguez, C. González Huecos y A. López Lafuente.-- Procesos de alteración, génesis y estabilidad mineral de suelos volcánicos, por Sanz, J., Martín de Vidales, J. L., Casas, J. y Guerra Delgado, A.-- Ciclo biogeoquímico de los cationes y humificación, por Francisco Velasco de Pedro.-- Los suelos salinos de San Felipe de Neri, por R. Ortiz Silla y E. Caselles Vegara.--Tipología y erosión de los suelos en un área representativa, por l. Sastre, R. Jiménez, F. D. Pineda y F. G. Bernaldez.-- Silicatos. Longitudes y ángulos de enlace en silicatos, por Enrique Gutiérrez Ríos.-- Retención de dimetoato por bentonitas homoiónicas, por A. García Rodríguez, E. J. López Garzón, J. de D. López González y C. Valenzuela Calahorro.-- Estudio de la cinética de la reacción del oxalato amónico, por A. González Batista, J. García Hernández, J. Hernández Moreno y E. Fernández Caldas.-- Fertilidad de suelos. Efecto de la reacción NH4/ N0-3 sobre el maíz, por Hernando, V., Pardo, M. T. y López-Fando, C. --Extracción química y biológica del hierro, por L. Romero, E. Barahona y A. AguiJar 935 Aplicación de los polinomios ortogonales a fertilización nitrogenada, por Jimeno Martín L.—Nutrición y Fisiología Vegetal.-- Factores nutricionales en la floración y fructificación del olivar, por F. González García y L. Catalina.-- Pretratamientos con diferentes sales de hierro en la germinación de semillas, por María R. de Felipe y A. Vivó.-- Aspectos ecofisiológicos de la producción de grano. 1., por L. F. García del Moral, J. M. Ramos, L. Recalde-Manrique y L. Recalde Martínez.-- Efecto del boro sobre guisante y pimiento, por R. M. Salinas, A., A. Cerdá y F. G. Hernández.-- Estudio de la nutrición del almendro, por José Tomás Soria, Serafín Jaime Palacios y Eduardo Esteban Velasco.-- Efecto de los ácidos húmicos sobre el crecimiento radicular, por C. Ortega, M. C. Ortega y C. Fortun.-- Evolución de la tracción orgánica y mineral de un pastizal, por Barroso, M., Hernández, J. M., Murillo, J. M. y Chaves, M.-- Influencia de diferentes niveles de potasio y de la luz, por María Pilar Sánchez Conde.-- Microbiología. Ultraestructuras unusuales en un potyvirus de tabaco, por M. Rubio Huertos, R. Moreno San Martín y María Luz Ferrero.-- Nutrición Animal. Fracción fibrosa en la alimentación de los rumiantes, por J. Boza, E. Malina, J. E. Guerrero y J. F. Aguilera.—Trabajos Recapitulativos. Revisión bibliográfica de métodos de extracción de fósforo, por el Grupo de trabajo de normalización de métodos analíticos.-- Posibilidades de la ingeniería genética a la agricultura, por J. Olivares.-- El efecto hojarasca: una revisión, por González, M. l. M. y Gallardo, J. F.-- Físico-química y microbiológicos del compostaje basuras orgánicas, por R. Nogales, F. Gallardo-Lora y M. DelgadoPeer reviewe

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field