Skiers in the Service of the Second Republic: The Alpine Battalion during the Spanish Civil War

During the Second Republic proletarian sport developed in Castile, with a prominent socialist and communist influence and a clear international scope. This working-class sport brought physical activity closer to the popular sectors through the first worker sports associations such as Salud y Cultura (S&C) that gave way to various athletic, alpine or football associations. The use of mountains by university circles for sporting, educational or leisure purposes favored its expansion to other social sectors, as well as the diversification of its practice. Although the Spanish Civil War (SCW) marked the end of the previous years? expansion of sports in Spain, leftist social and political organizations understood the SCW as a class-based conflict with sport as a distinctive key element of the working-class militias. They managed to create militiamen battalions, some of them closely related to sport. Around the Guadarrama range (Madrid) two mountain battalions appeared at the end of summer 1936: the Youth Alpine Battalion (socialist) and the Alpine Battalion of the 5th Regiment (communist). Both merged in December 1936 and operated under the name of Alpine Battalion until the end of the war. Despite political tensions, it was a very united battalion with sport, culture and political analysis being the hallmarks of the Alpine Battalion, the epitome of leftist politically heterogeneous sporting battalions during the SCW.Ministerio de Universidades, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid RD 289/2021 / European Union (NextGenerationEU

Doomed Youth. Antonio Cánovas, a young sportsman in time of war in 1930s Spain

During the Spanish Civil War (SCW) 1936–1939, many young working-class sportsmen volunteered. They were both physically and politically active and some of them outstanding athletes. The search of these unknown men has just begun. Doomed Youth is a tribute to them and the first step toward a bigger attempt to better comprehend the role of sportsmen volunteers enlisted during the first months of the SCW, a fact that to date has received little scholar attention. Archival research, especially war combatants’ family records as well as newspaper archives, oral memories of the protagonists left alive, and historical contextualization were defined as the appropriate methods to conduct the research. This paper is devoted to one of these young volunteers, Antonio Cánovas, recently dead in 2018 at the age of 98, whose life story in the 1930s and 1940s may be taken as the epitome of the young working-class sportsman of the cutting-edge regions of Spain in the first half of the 20th century: youngsters aware of their political and social rights whose dreams of social justice and active life were dashed by the war

Spanish historic archives' use of websites as a management transparency vehicle

Against the backdrop of Spain's Transparency Act, this articlediscusses the pr esence or otherwise of a series of document types, proposed as management-related transparency indicators, on 61 (8 national and 53 provincial) historic archive websites. Although examples of good practice were identified, the information provided was found to be scant, in particular as regards lines of action, organisa-tional objectives and yearly reports. The information most commonly provided on the websites included the collection classification chart, service use regulations and citizen charters. The inference drawn was that archives, so intently focused on their role in the application of the Act by the organisations they serve, neglect their own administrative obligations in respect of its provisions. The recommendation is that as government-funded and subsidised public service institutions, historic archives should exercise transparency by furnishing the information stipulated in the Act on their websites

Visible-light mediated synthesis of bicalutamide by regioselective hydroxysulfonylation of acrylamides

Synthesis of anticancer drug bicalutamide promoted by visible light in one step from the corresponding N-arylacrylamide is described. This approach involves a one-pot hydroxysulfonylation reaction through a photocatalytic redox process. The use of Na2Eosin Y as photocatalyst and blue light allows the access to a broad range of alfa-hydroxysulfonylamides bearing a quaternary center in moderate to good yields with complete regioselectivity via radical process.European UnionComunidad de MadridUniversidad de Alcal

Propiedades mecánicas del hormigón reciclado con áridos procedentes de piezas prefabricadas desechadas.

La necesidad de disminuir la cantidad final de residuos de construcción y demolición que se producen en las plantas de prefabricados de hormigón, nos ha llevado a analizar el comportamiento mecánico de un hormigón elaborado con áridos reciclados procedentes de piezas prefabricadas de hormigón, con la finalidad de un posible futuro uso como árido en dosificaciones de hormigón armado y pretensado para piezas prefabricadas. Se ha trabajado con áridos reciclados en dos situaciones: estado natural y sometidos a presaturación, con hormigones H40 y H50 autocompactantes, tomando como única variable la sustitución de fracción gruesa del árido con los siguientes porcentajes, 0%, 20%, 50% y 100%. Los ensayos realizados en la parametrización del árido reciclado presentaron un excelente comportamiento, quedando únicamente la absorción y la resistencia a la helada con sustituciones del 100% con valores algo superiores a los máximos exigidos por la Instrucción de Hormigón Estructural EHE-08. Los hormigones elaborados con áridos sin someterlos a saturación previa mostraron aumentos de resistencia a compresión con respecto al hormigón de comparación, alcanzando valores de resistencia superiores a 70 N/mm 2 , invirtiéndose esta tendencia para los hormigones con árido presaturado. Los resultados de los ensayos realizados indican que hormigones elaborados con áridos reciclados procedentes de elementos prefabricados pueden presentar una excelente calidad como hormigón estructural para su futuro uso como autoconsumo