Acute scrotum

Acta Med Port. 1999 Jan-Mar;12(1-3):39-45. [Acute scrotum] [Article in Portuguese] Oliveira A, de Carvalho LF. Unidade de Andrologia, Hospital Geral de Santo António, Porto. Abstract Painful scrotum is a clinical entity that includes a variety of diseases, such as torsion of the spermatic cord, infectious conditions, injuries and oncology. This condition is more common in infants or youths. It is extremely important to recognize this condition and treat it promptly if the testicle is to be saved. PMID: 10423872 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

Low Holocene level (7700 to 3650 years ago) of Lake Titicaca (Bolivia)

Les premiers résultats des analyses sédimentologiques et paléontologiques de deux échantillons de sédiments du lac Titicaca indiquent que entre 7700 et 3650 ans B.P. le niveau lacustre pouvait descendre jusqu'à 50 m. au dessous du niveau actue

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation: Lipid Content And Hepatic Histology In Healthy Wistar Rats [suplementação Com ácido Linoleico Conjugado: Conteúdo De Lípides E Histologia Hepática De Ratos Wistar Saudáveis]

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the consumption of two commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures on lipid content and liver histology of healthy rats. The investigation was carried out using thirty rats divided into three groups: C (control), AE (AdvantEdge®CLA), and CO (CLA One®). The concentration of CLA was 2% of feed consumption, and the animals were supplemented daily for 42 days. The total lipid content of the liver was determined, and the histology of the organ was examined by Transmission Electronic Microscopy. The results of total liver lipid contents did not exhibit significant differences between the groups. With regard to hepatic histology, it was observed that although fat globules were visibly present in higher numbers and bigger size in the CLA groups, the organ histology was considered normal since both cytoplasm and organelles showed integrity. It was concluded that even though liver microscopic images indicated the presence of fat globules in the liver, from a statistical point of view, the supplementation for 42 days did not bring about lipid accumulation, nor did it alter hepatic histology.311141146Adams, L.A., Angulo, P., Lindor, K.D., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2005) Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172 (7), pp. 899-905Akbiyik, F., Ligand-induced expression of peroxissome proliferators activated receptor α and activation of fatty oxidation enzymes in fatty liver (2004) European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 34 (6), pp. 429-435Akyüz, F., What is the best indicator for evaluating treatment response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Histology or aminotransferase levels? (2005) Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20 (1), pp. 167-168Basu, S., Smedman, A., Vesby, B., Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans (2000) FEBS Letters, 468 (1), pp. 33-36Belury, M.A., Conjugated linoleic acid is na activator and ligand for peroxissome proliferator-activated receptor-gama (PPARγ) (2002) Nutrition Research, 22 (7), pp. 817-824Belury, M.A., Kempa-Steczko, A., Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice (1997) Lipids, 32 (2), pp. 199-204Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extration and purification (1959) Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37 (8), pp. 911-917Brown, J.M., McIntosh, M.K., Conjugated linoleic acid in humans: Regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity (2003) Journal of Nutrition, 133 (10), pp. 3041-3046Brunt, E.M., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Definition and pathology (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 3-16Cherian, G., Dietary CLA alters yolk and tissue FA composition and hepatic histopathology of laying hens (2002) Lipids, 37 (8), pp. 751-757Cherian, G., Goeger, M.P., Hepatic lipid characteristics and histopathology of laying hens fed CLA or n-3 fatty acids (2004) Lipids, 39 (1), pp. 31-36Chituri, S., Farel, G.C., Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 27-41Choi, J.S., Song, J., Conjugated linoleic acid, obesity, and insulin resistance: Waiting for the day of liberation from chronic disease (2005) Nutrition, 21 (11), pp. 1170-1172Clement, L., Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse (2002) Journal Lipid Research, 43 (9), pp. 1400-1409Elitsur, Y., Treatment for NASH: The value of histology (2005) Journal Gastroenterology: A Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 100 (1), pp. 250-251Goena, M., Effect of the raw legume Vicia ervilha on muscle and liver protein metabolism in growing rats (1989) Revista Española de Fisiologia, 45 (SUPPL.), pp. 55-60Granlund, L., Trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid prevents triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes by acting as a PPARγ modulator (2003) Journal of Lipid Research, 44 (8), pp. 1441-1452Haddad, A., (1998) Técnicas básicas de microscopia eletrônica aplicadas às ciências biológicas, , Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de MicroscopiaHoek, B.V., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A brief review (2004) Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 39 (SUPPL.), pp. 56-59Kang, K., Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPARγ expression (2003) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303 (3), pp. 795-799Lavine, J.E., Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: A pilot study (2000) Journal of Pediatrics, 136 (6), pp. 734-738Ludwig, J., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experience with a hitherto unnamed disease (1980) Mayo Clinic Procedings, 55 (7), pp. 434-438McArulla, M.T., Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on liver composition and fatty acid oxidation are isomer-dependent in hamster (2005) Nutrition, 21 (4), pp. 512-519Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARα (1999) Journal Lipid Research, 40 (8), pp. 1426-1433Oustrowska, E., Milk conjugated linoleic and trans-vaccenic acids are highest in Spring in grazing cows (2004) Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13 (SUPPL.), pp. S53Pariza, M.W., Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger (1979) Cancer Letter, 7 (2-3), p. 63Pariza, M.W., Hargraves, W.A., A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1985) Carcinogenesis, 6 (4), p. 591Parodi, P.W., Conjugated octadecadienoic acids of milk fat (1977) Journal of Dairy Science, 60 (10), pp. 1550-1553Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey Jr., G.C., AIN-93 Purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet (1993) Journal of Nutrition, 123 (11), pp. 1939-1951Risérus, U., Effects of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflamatory markers in obese men (2004) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80 (2), pp. 279-283Salas-Salvadó, J., Marquez-Sandoval, F., Bulló, M., Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: A systematic review focusing on its effects on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism (2006) Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio, 46 (6), pp. 479-488Santos-Zago, L.F., Botelho, A.P., Oliveira, A.C., Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats (2007) Lipids, 42 (9), pp. 845-854Sato, S., Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of normal rat hepatocytes (2004) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 36 (2), pp. 131-140Sehat, N., Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles. Comparison of chromatographic elution sequences (1998) Lipids, 33 (10), pp. 963-971(2003) Institute Project for Windows: User's guide: Statistics, , STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM-SAS, Version 8.0. Cary: USA instVidela, L.A., Oxidative stress-related parameters in the liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (2004) Clinical Science, 106 (3), pp. 261-268Yamasaki, M., Effect of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Lipid Peroxidation and Histological Change in Rat Liver Tissues (2000) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48 (12), pp. 6367-637

Epstein-Barr virus infection and gastric carcinoma in São Paulo State, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas is similar to that reported in other series, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of these EBV-positive tumors are in agreement with the data in the literature.1707171

Epstein-barr Virus Infection And Gastric Carcinoma In São Paulo, Brazil

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, and most people have serological evidence of previous viral infection at adult age. EBV is associated with infectious mononucleosis and human cancers, including some lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Although EBV was first reported in lymphoepithelioma-like gastric carcinoma, the virus was also found in conventional adenocarcinomas. In the present study, 53 gastric carcinomas diagnosed in São Paulo State, Brazil, were evaluated for EBV infection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe (Biotin-AGACACCGTCCTCACCACCC GGGACTTGTA) directed to the viral transcript EBER-I, which is actively expressed in EBV latently infected cells. EBV infection was found in 6 of 53 (11.32%) gastric carcinomas, mostly from male patients (66.7%), with a mean age of 59 years old. Most EBV-positive tumors were in gastric antrum. Two EBV-positive tumors (33.3%) were conventional adenocarcinomas, whereas four (66.7%) were classified as lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. EBV infection in gastric carcinomas was reported elsewhere in frequencies that range from 5.6% (Korea) up to 18% (Germany). In Brazil, a previous work found EBV infection in 4 of 80 (5%) gastric carcinomas, whereas another study found 4.7 and 11.2% of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas of Brazilians of Japanese origin or not, respectively. In the present study, the frequency of EBV-positive gastric carcinomas is similar to that reported in other series, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of these EBV-positive tumors are in agreement with the data in the literature.371117071712zur Hausen, H., Schulte-Holthausen, H., Klein, G., Henle, W., Henle, G., Clifford, P., Santesson, L., EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumors and anaplastic carcinomas of the nasopharynx (1970) Nature, 228, pp. 1056-1058Shiramizu, B., Barriga, F., Neequaye, J., Jafri, A., Dalla-Favera, R., Neri, A., Guttierez, M., Magrath, I., Patterns of chromosomal breakpoint locations in Burkitt's lymphoma: Relevance to geography and Epstein-Barr virus association (1991) Blood, 77, pp. 1516-1526Weiss, L.M., Strickler, J.G., Warnke, R.A., Purtilo, D.T., Sklar, J., Epstein-Barr viral DNA in tissues of Hodgkin's disease (1987) American Journal of Pathology, 129, pp. 86-91Weiss, L.M., Movahed, L.A., Warnke, R.A., Sklar, J., Detection of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease (1989) New England Journal of Medicine, 320, pp. 502-506Jones, J.F., Shurin, S., Abramowsky, C., Tubbs, R.R., Sciotto, C.G., Wahl, R., Sands, J., Sklar, J., T-cell lymphomas containing Epstein-Barr viral DNA in patients with chronic Epstein-Barr virus infections (1988) New England Journal of Medicine, 318, pp. 733-741Harabuchi, Y., Yamanaka, N., Kataura, A., Imai, S., Kinoshita, T., Mizuno, F., Osato, T., Epstein-Barr virus in nasal T-cell lymphomas in patients with lethal midline granuloma (1990) Lancet, 335, pp. 128-130Hamilton-Dutoit, S.J., Pallesen, G., Franzmann, M.B., Karkov, J., Black, F., Skinhoj, P., Pedersen, C., AIDS-related lymphoma: Histopathology, immunophenotype, and association with Epstein-Barr virus as demonstrated by in situ nucleic acid hybridization (1991) American Journal of Pathology, 138, pp. 149-163MacMahon, E.M., Glass, J.D., Hayward, S.D., Mann, R.B., Becker, P.S., Charache, P., McArthur, J.C., Ambinder, R.F., Epstein-Barr virus in AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (1991) Lancet, 338, pp. 969-973Wu, T.C., Mann, R.B., Epstein, J.I., MacMahon, E., Lee, W.A., Charache, P., Hayward, S.D., Ambinder, R.F., Abundant expression of EBER1 small nuclear RNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A morphologically distinctive target for detection of Epstein-Barr virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded carcinoma specimens (1991) American Journal of Pathology, 138, pp. 1461-1469Niedobitek, G., Young, L.S., Sam, C.K., Brooks, L., Prasad, U., Rickinson, A.B., Expression of Epstein-Barr virus genes and lymphocyte activation molecules in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas (1992) American Journal of Pathology, 140, pp. 879-887Krishnamurthy, S., Lanier, A.P., Dohan, P., Lanier, J.F., Henle, W., Salivary gland cancer in Alaskan natives, 1966-1980 (1987) Human Pathology, 18, pp. 986-996Leyvraz, S., Henle, W., Chahinian, A.P., Perlmann, C., Klein, G., Gordon, R.E., Rosenblum, M., Holland, J.F., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with thymic carcinoma (1985) New England Journal of Medicine, 312, pp. 1296-1299Dimery, I.W., Lee, J.S., Blick, M., Pearson, G., Spitzer, G., Hong, W.K., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with lymphoepithelioma of the thymus (1988) Cancer, 61, pp. 2475-2480Butler, A.E., Colby, T.V., Weiss, L., Lombard, C., Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung (1989) American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 13, pp. 632-639Burke, A.P., Yen, T.S., Shekitka, K.M., Sobin, L.H., Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the stomach with Epstein-Barr virus demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (1990) Modern Pathology, 3, pp. 377-380Min, K.W., Holmquist, S., Peiper, S.C., O'Leary, T.J., Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas) of the stomach: Report of three cases with Epstein-Barr virus genomes demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction (1991) American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 96, pp. 219-227Shibata, D., Tokunaga, M., Uemura, Y., Sato, E., Tanaka, S., Weiss, L.M., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with undifferentiated gastric carcinoma with intense lymphoid infiltration: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (1991) American Journal of Pathology, 139, pp. 469-474Niedobitek, G., Herbst, H., Young, L.S., Rowe, M., Dienemann, D., Germer, C., Stein, H., Epstein-Barr virus and carcinomas: Expression of the viral genome in an undifferentiated gastric carcinoma (1992) Diagnostic Molecular Pathology, 1, pp. 103-108Nakamura, S., Ueki, T., Yao, T., Ueyama, T., Tsuneyoshi, M., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (1994) Cancer, 73, pp. 2239-2249Oda, K., Tamaru, J., Takenouchi, T., Mikata, A., Nunomura, M., Saitoh, N., Sarashina, H., Nakajima, N., Association of Epstein-Barr virus with gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (1993) American Journal of Pathology, 143, pp. 1063-1071Matsunou, H., Konishi, F., Hori, H., Ikeda, T., Sasaki, K., Hirose, Y., Yamamichi, N., Characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma in Japan (1996) Cancer, 77, pp. 1998-2004Watanabe, H., Enjoji, M., Imai, T., Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma: Its morphologic characteristics and prognostic correlations (1976) Cancer, 38, pp. 232-243Koriyama, C., Akiba, S., Iriya, K., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Japanese Brazilians and non-Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo (2001) Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 92, pp. 911-917(2003) Estimativas Da Incidência E Mortalidade Por Câncer, , Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA INCA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilShibata, D., Weiss, L.M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma (1992) American Journal of Pathology, 140, pp. 769-774Shibata, D., Hawes, D., Stemmermann, G.N., Weiss, L.M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii (1993) Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 2, pp. 213-217Gulley, M.L., Pulitzer, D.R., Eagan, P.A., Schneider, B.G., Epstein-Barr virus infection is an early event in gastric carcinogenesis and is independent of bcl-2 expression and p53 accumulation (1996) Human Pathology, 27, pp. 20-27Herrera-Goepfert, R., Reyes, E., Hernandez-Avila, M., Mohar, A., Shinkura, R., Fujiyama, C., Akiba, S., Tokunaga, M., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Mexico: Analysis of 135 consecutive gastrectomies in two hospitals (1999) Modern Pathology, 12, pp. 873-878Tokunaga, M., Land, C.E., Uemura, Y., Tokudome, T., Tanaka, S., Sato, E., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma (1993) American Journal of Pathology, 143, pp. 1250-1254Fukayama, M., Hayashi, Y., Iwasaki, Y., Chong, J., Ooba, T., Takizawa, T., Koike, M., Hirai, K., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection of the stomach (1994) Laboratory Investigation, 71, pp. 73-81Takano, Y., Kato, Y., Saegusa, M., Mori, S., Shiota, M., Masuda, M., Mikami, T., Okayasu, I., The role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the oncogenesis of EBV(+) gastric carcinomas (1999) Virchows Archives, 434, pp. 17-22Qiu, K., Tomita, Y., Hashimoto, M., Ohsawa, M., Kawano, K., Wu, D.M., Aozasa, K., Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma in Suzhou, China and Osaka, Japan: Association with clinico-pathologic factors and HLA-subtype (1997) International Journal of Cancer, 71, pp. 155-158Yuen, S.T., Chung, L.P., Leung, S.Y., Luk, I.S., Chan, S.Y., Ho, J., In situ detection of Epstein-Barr virus in gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas (1994) American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 18, pp. 1158-1163Harn, H.J., Chang, J.Y., Wang, M.W., Ho, L.I., Lee, H.S., Chiang, J.H., Lee, W.H., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in Taiwan (1995) Human Pathology, 26, pp. 267-271Shin, W.S., Kang, M.W., Kang, J.H., Choi, M.K., Ahn, B.M., Kim, J.K., Sun, H.S., Min, K.W., Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric adenocarcinomas among Koreans (1996) American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 105, pp. 174-181Chang, M.S., Lee, H.S., Kim, C.W., Kim, Y.I., Kim, W.H., Clinicopathologic characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus-incorporated gastric cancers in Korea (2001) Pathology, Research and Practice, 197, pp. 395-400Galetsky, S.A., Tsvetnov, W., Land, C.E., Afanasieva, T.A., Petrovichev, N.N., Gurtsevitch, V.E., Tokunaga, M., Epstein-Barr-virus-associated gastric cancer in Russia (1997) International Journal of Cancer, 73, pp. 786-789Selves, J., Bibeau, F., Brousset, P., Meggetto, F., Mazerolles, C., Voigt, J.J., Pradere, B., Delsol, G., Epstein-Barr virus latent and replicative gene expression in gastric carcinoma (1996) Histopathology, 28, pp. 121-127Ott, G., Kirchner, T., Müller-Hermelink, H.K., Monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus genome but lack of EBV-related protein expression in different types of gastric carcinoma (1994) Histopathology, 25, pp. 323-329Hayashi, K., Chen, W.G., Chen, Y.Y., Deletion of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 gene in Japanese and Brazilian gastric carcinomas, metastatic lesions, and reactive lymphocytes (1998) American Journal of Pathology, 152, pp. 191-19

Transphobia and gender identity: Social representations of trans women from brazil and colombia [Transfobia e identidade de gênero: Representações sociais de mulheres trans do brasil e colômbia]

The present research aimed to identify and discuss the social representations of trans women related to gender identity and transphobia in Brazil and Colombia. In this study participated 43 Trans women, 22 from Brazil, aged between 18 and 55 years (M=29.09, SD=8.53) and 21 from Colombia, aged between 21 and 41 years (M=28.19, SD=7.63). This study adopted a qualitative approach in which semi-structured interviews were used. The data were analyzed by the Iramuteq software, which identified the social representations in classes. The results showed what the participants understood about transphobia and how they regarded their experiences with this gender identity. The participants presented negative social representations, aiming at their personal experiences related to their social context. Themes related to violence, discrimination, prejudice, denial of rights and family support emerged from both the Brazilian and Colombian sample. Implications for Tran´s quality of life are discussed. © 2021, Associacao Brasileira de Pos - Graduacao em Saude Coletiva. All rights reserved

Continuous Monitoring of Dynamical Systems and Master Equations

We illustrate the equivalence between the non-unitary evolution of an open quantum system governed by a Markovian master equation and a process of continuous measurements involving this system. We investigate a system of two coupled modes, only one of them interacting with external degrees of freedom, represented, in the first case, by a finite number of harmonic oscillators, and, in the second, by a sequence of atoms where each one interacts with a single mode during a limited time. Two distinct regimes appear, one of them corresponding to a Zeno-like behavior in the limit of large dissipation

Spatial Distribution of Leprosy in the Amazon Region of Brazil

To detect areas with increased case-detection rates, we used spatial scan statistics to identify 5 of 10 clusters of leprosy in the Amazon region of Brazil. Despite increasing economic development, population growth, and road infrastructure, leprosy is endemic to this region, which is a source of case exportation to other parts of Brazil

Experimental bladder carcinogenesis – rodent models

Several rodent models of bladder cancer development have been established. The aim of this review article is to provide a critical assessment of different animal models available for the study of bladder carcinogenesis, its chemoprevention and therapy. All, except for transgenic and knockout animals, require 8–12 months experimental periods in order to generate a high yield of neoplasias. Spontaneous bladder tumor models are extremely rare. The significance of the results from animal experiments is dependent upon the selection of a suitable animal model. There are no rules regarding the choice of a model, it is however very useful to have knowledge of relevant comparative medical aspects concerning this subject. We describe chemical carcinogens most commonly used to induce bladder cancer, pellet implantation and urinary calculi, agents that promote bladder cancer, and irradiation. We also evaluated other tools such as cell cultures, tumor implantation and transgenic models for bladder cancer, that have been developed to study the process. The review considers how several imaging techniques can be applied to study rodent bladder carcinogenesis.Для изучения механизмов развития рака мочевого пузыря было создано несколько экспериментальных моделей на гры- зунах. Целью обзора была сравнительная оценка различных экспериментальных моделей для изучения канцерогенеза мочевого пузыря, профилактики и терапии. За исключением трансгенных и нокаутных животных, для получения высокого выхода опухолей в любой экспериментальной модели требуется 8–12 мес. Модели спонтанного канцерогенеза мочевого пузыря крайне редки. Выбор экспериментальной модели с определенными параметрами определяет значимость получен- ных результатов. В статье описаны различные методики, используемые для индукции рака мочевого пузыря in vivo, ряд методических подходов, таких как культура клеток, имплантация опухоли и трансгенные модели рака мочевого пузыря и современные методы мониторинга опухолевой прогрессии