Level Set Method for the Evolution of Defect and Brane Networks

A theory for studying the dynamic scaling properties of branes and relativistic topological defect networks is presented. The theory, based on a relativistic version of the level set method, well-known in other contexts, possesses self-similar ``scaling'' solutions, for which one can calculate many quantities of interest. Here, the length and area densities of cosmic strings and domain walls are calculated in Minkowski space, and radiation, matter, and curvature-dominated FRW cosmologies with 2 and 3 space dimensions. The scaling exponents agree the naive ones based on dimensional analysis, except for cosmic strings in 3-dimensional Minkowski space, which are predicted to have a logarithmic correction to the naive scaling form. The scaling amplitudes of the length and area densities are a factor of approximately 2 lower than results from numerical simulations of classical field theories. An expression for the length density of strings in the condensed matter literature is corrected.Comment: 46pp LaTeX, revtex4(preprint), 1 eps figure, revised for publication. Note title chang

Children living with HIV in Europe: do migrants have worse treatment outcomes?

International audienceTo assess the effect of migrant status on treatment outcomes among children living with HIV in Europe