The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Universal Thermal Conductance

We explain the reduction of the thermal conductance below the predicted universal value observed by Schwab et al. in terms of the scattering of thermal phonons off surface roughness using a scalar model for the elastic waves. Our analysis shows that the thermal conductance depends on two roughness parameters: the roughness amplitude $\delta$ and the correlation length $a$. At sufficiently low temperatures the conductance decrease from the universal value quadratically with temperature at a rate proportional to $\delta ^{2}a$. Values of $\delta$ equal to 0.22 and $a$ equal to about 0.75 of the width of the conduction pathway give a good fit to the data.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Ref. added, typo correcte

Generalized quantum field theory: perturbative computation and perspectives

We analyze some consequences of two possible interpretations of the action of the ladder operators emerging from generalized Heisenberg algebras in the framework of the second quantized formalism. Within the first interpretation we construct a quantum field theory that creates at any space-time point particles described by a q-deformed Heisenberg algebra and we compute the propagator and a specific first order scattering process. Concerning the second one, we draw attention to the possibility of constructing this theory where each state of a generalized Heisenberg algebra is interpreted as a particle with different mass.Comment: 19 page

Black hole thermodynamical entropy

As early as 1902, Gibbs pointed out that systems whose partition function diverges, e.g. gravitation, lie outside the validity of the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) theory. Consistently, since the pioneering Bekenstein-Hawking results, physically meaningful evidence (e.g., the holographic principle) has accumulated that the BG entropy $S_{BG}$ of a $(3+1)$ black hole is proportional to its area $L^2$ ($L$ being a characteristic linear length), and not to its volume $L^3$. Similarly it exists the \emph{area law}, so named because, for a wide class of strongly quantum-entangled $d$-dimensional systems, $S_{BG}$ is proportional to $\ln L$ if $d=1$, and to $L^{d-1}$ if $d>1$, instead of being proportional to $L^d$ ($d \ge 1$). These results violate the extensivity of the thermodynamical entropy of a $d$-dimensional system. This thermodynamical inconsistency disappears if we realize that the thermodynamical entropy of such nonstandard systems is \emph{not} to be identified with the BG {\it additive} entropy but with appropriately generalized {\it nonadditive} entropies. Indeed, the celebrated usefulness of the BG entropy is founded on hypothesis such as relatively weak probabilistic correlations (and their connections to ergodicity, which by no means can be assumed as a general rule of nature). Here we introduce a generalized entropy which, for the Schwarzschild black hole and the area law, can solve the thermodynamic puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in EPJ

Heisenberg-type structures of one-dimensional quantum Hamiltonians

We construct a Heisenberg-like algebra for the one dimensional infinite square-well potential in quantum mechanics. The ladder operators are realized in terms of physical operators of the system as in the harmonic oscillator algebra. These physical operators are obtained with the help of variables used in a recently developed non commutative differential calculus. This \textquotedblleft square-well algebra\textquotedblright is an example of an algebra in a large class of generalized Heisenberg algebras recently constructed. This class of algebras also contains $q$-oscillators as a particular case. We also discuss the physical content of this large class of algebras.Comment: 11 pages. The title and abstract were modified and minor corrections were made in the paper's core. Final version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Evolution of the use of corticosteroids for the treatment of hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Spain between March and November 2020: SEMI-COVID national registry

Objectives: Since the results of the RECOVERY trial, WHO recommendations about the use of corticosteroids (CTs) in COVID-19 have changed. The aim of the study is to analyse the evolutive use of CTs in Spain during the pandemic to assess the potential influence of new recommendations. Material and methods: A retrospective, descriptive, and observational study was conducted on adults hospitalised due to COVID-19 in Spain who were included in the SEMI-COVID- 19 Registry from March to November 2020. Results: CTs were used in 6053 (36.21%) of the included patients. The patients were older (mean (SD)) (69.6 (14.6) vs. 66.0 (16.8) years; p < 0.001), with hypertension (57.0% vs. 47.7%; p < 0.001), obesity (26.4% vs. 19.3%; p < 0.0001), and multimorbidity prevalence (20.6% vs. 16.1%; p < 0.001). These patients had higher values (mean (95% CI)) of C-reactive protein (CRP) (86 (32.7-160) vs. 49.3 (16-109) mg/dL; p < 0.001), ferritin (791 (393-1534) vs. 470 (236- 996) µg/dL; p < 0.001), D dimer (750 (430-1400) vs. 617 (345-1180) µg/dL; p < 0.001), and lower Sp02/Fi02 (266 (91.1) vs. 301 (101); p < 0.001). Since June 2020, there was an increment in the use of CTs (March vs. September; p < 0.001). Overall, 20% did not receive steroids, and 40% received less than 200 mg accumulated prednisone equivalent dose (APED). Severe patients are treated with higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%. Conclusions: Patients with greater comorbidity, severity, and inflammatory markers were those treated with CTs. In severe patients, there is a trend towards the use of higher doses. The mortality benefit was observed in patients with oxygen saturation </=90%

Desenvolvimento do milho sob influência de árvores de pau-branco em sistema agrossilvipastoril

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das árvores de pau-branco (Cordia oncocalyx) sobre parâmetros fisiológicos, altura e biomassa do milho, em diferentes distâncias das árvores, em sistema agrossilvipastoril. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (distâncias do caule das árvores de 1, 2, 3 e 4 m), além do controle (plantas do cultivo tradicional), e cinco repetições. Cada parcela consistiu de uma árvore de pau-branco, ao centro, e linhas de milho plantadas nas quatro distâncias avaliadas do caule. As medidas fisiológicas e a produção de matéria seca foram registradas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o semeio do milho. As plantas sob a copa do pau-branco, a 1 e 2 m do caule, tiveram suas trocas gasosas, altura e produção de matéria seca afetadas pelas árvores. As plantas cultivadas a 3 m do caule tiveram desempenho semelhante ao observado no cultivo tradicional, e as cultivadas a 4 m apresentaram maior fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração, altura e produção de matéria seca. As plantas de milho sob a copa são afetadas negativamente pelo sombreamento das árvores, enquanto as plantas fora da copa podem se beneficiar da presença das árvores no sistema

A Formação Serra Alta, Permiano, no centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, Bacia do Paraná, Brasil

The delimitation and mapping of the Serra Alta Formation in the São Paulo State, Brazil, has always been a focus of controversy in the Brazilian geological community. Despite its large extension in subsurface, which may be comparable to the Irati Formation, the Serra Alta Formation still needs more detailed studies on its stratigraphic position, fossil content, depositional systems and age. In the east-central portion of the São Paulo State, the Serra Alta Formation overlies the Irati Formation and is predominantly composed of dark grey pelitic facies. The unit is mapped from the southern boundary of the São Paulo State to the Gibóia Dome, located in the county of Rio das Pedras. In this place, the Serra Alta and Teresina formations are replaced by the red colored pelites of the Corumbataí Formation, unit that extends to north beyond the state boundaries and may be considered correlated to these units. In this work, we present columnar sections and describe the contacts of the Serra Alta Formation with vertically adjacent Permian units. We also present the detailed facies analysis, in order to characterize the depositional system. The investigation of subsurface profiles also enabled a better understanding of the architectural patterns of the succession, helping to determine its real distribution and stratigraphic position in the central-south of São Paulo State. The integration of the data allowed identifying a particular transgressive stacking pattern, contributing to detail the late Permian regressive cycle in the Paraná Basin.A individualização e o mapeamento da Formação Serra Alta no Estado de São Paulo sempre foi motivo de controvérsia na comunidade geológica. Apesar de apresentar extensão comparável à Formação Irati em subsuperfície, a unidade ainda carece de estudos mais acurados acerca de seu posicionamento estratigráfico, conteúdo fossilífero, sistema deposicional e idade. Na região centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo, a Formação Serra Alta sucede estratigraficamente a Formação Irati, sendo constituída por depósitos pelíticos cinza escuros. A unidade é mapeada desde o limite sul do estado até o Domo de Gibóia, no Município de Rio das Pedras. Neste local, as formações Serra Alta e Teresina são substituídas pelos depósitos pelíticos da Formação Corumbataí, que se estende para norte, além do limite do Estado de São Paulo, e pode ser considerada unidade correlata a estas. Neste estudo, são apresentadas seções colunares e caracterizados os contatos da Formação Serra Alta com as formações permianas verticalmente contíguas. É apresentada também detalhada análise de fácies, com a finalidade de caracterizar o sistema deposicional. A análise de perfis de sondagem possibilitou também melhor compreensão dos padrões arquiteturais da Formação Serra Alta, auxiliando na determinação de sua real distribuição e posição estratigráfica na porção centro-sul do estado. A integração das informações obtidas permitiu identificar tendências de empilhamento transgressivo particulares, contribuindo para o detalhamento da sucessão predominantemente regressiva em que se depositaram as unidades permianas da Bacia do Paraná.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e AmbienteUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de GeociênciasUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Geologia Aplicada, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas de Rio ClaroUniversidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências de BotucatuFAPESP: 1996/09708‑9FAPESP: 2010/19584‑4FAPESP: 2011/20864‑