Effect of the number and interval between releases of Trichogramma pretiosum riley on the parasitism and control of Helicoverpa zea (boddie) in corn

Estudou-se o efeito do número e intervalo de liberações de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, no parasitismo e controle de Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) na cultura do milho. Observou-se um incremento de até 5 vezes no parasitismo de ovos quando foram realizadas 3 liberações de 100.000 adultos de T. pretiosum por ha. A redução no dano nas espigas por H. zea em áreas de liberação de T. pretiosum foi de até 26%, mostrando o potencial de controle biológico do parasitóide.The effect of the number and interval between releases of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley on parasitism and on the control of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) was studied in corn. Results indicated an increase of up to 5 times in parasitism of H. zea eggs when 3 releases of 100,000 T. pretiosum adults per ha were made. H. zea damage in corn ears in T. pretiosum release areas was reduced 26%, demonstrating the potential of this parasitoid for the control of this pest

Dispersion capacity of Trichogramma pretiosum riley, 1879 for controlling Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) in corn

Estudou-se, em duas localidades do Estado de São Paulo, a capacidade de dispersão de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 na cultura do milho, em relação a ovos de Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850). A dispersão de T. pretiosum, 36 horas após a liberação, foi de 80 a 102 m². Ocorreu uma relação inversa entre parasitismo e predação natural por insetos, nas duas localidades estudadas. Em função dos resultados obtidos, determinou-se que a liberação dos parasitóides, para controle de H. zea, deve ser feita em 100 pontos/ha.The dispersion capacity of Tríchogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 in relation to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie, 1850) eggs was studied in corn, in two regions, in the State of São Paulo. The dispersion capacity of T. pretiosum 36 hours after release ranged from 80 to 102 m² and an inverse relationship between parasitism and predation occurred for H. zea eggs for both localities studied. The results obtained indicate that releases for controlling H. zea should be made at 100 points/ha

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Efeito do número e intervalo entre liberações de Trichogramma pretiosum riley no parasitismo e controle de Helicoverpa zea (boddie), em milho Effect of the number and interval between releases of Trichogramma pretiosum riley on the parasitism and control of Helicoverpa zea (boddie) in corn

Estudou-se o efeito do número e intervalo de liberações de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, no parasitismo e controle de Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) na cultura do milho. Observou-se um incremento de até 5 vezes no parasitismo de ovos quando foram realizadas 3 liberações de 100.000 adultos de T. pretiosum por ha. A redução no dano nas espigas por H. zea em áreas de liberação de T. pretiosum foi de até 26%, mostrando o potencial de controle biológico do parasitóide.The effect of the number and interval between releases of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley on parasitism and on the control of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) was studied in corn. Results indicated an increase of up to 5 times in parasitism of H. zea eggs when 3 releases of 100,000 T. pretiosum adults per ha were made. H. zea damage in corn ears in T. pretiosum release areas was reduced 26%, demonstrating the potential of this parasitoid for the control of this pest

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora