A NEW DISCOLORATION OF RICOTTA CHEESE

A new alteration of ricotta cheese is here described. The discoloration which has been noted was red. The responsible bacteria has been identified as Serratia marcescens. This is probably the first report of this rare type of spoilage identified in Italy

Inflammatory extracellular vesicles prompt heart dysfunction via TRL4-dependent NF-κB activation.

Background: After myocardial infarction, necrotic cardiomyocytes release damage-associated proteins that stimulate innate immune pathways and macrophage tissue infiltration, which drives inflammation and myocardial remodeling. Circulating inflammatory extracellular vesicles play a crucial role in the acute and chronic phases of ischemia, in terms of inflammatory progression. In this study, we hypothesize that the paracrine effect mediated by these vesicles induces direct cytotoxicity in cardiomyocytes. Thus, we examined whether reducing the generation of inflammatory vesicles within the first few hours after the ischemic event ameliorates cardiac outcome at short and long time points. Methods: Myocardial infarction was induced in rats that were previously injected intraperitoneally with a chemical inhibitor of extracellular-vesicle biogenesis. Heart global function was assessed by echocardiography performed at 7, 14 and 28 days after MI. Cardiac outcome was also evaluated by hemodynamic analysis at sacrifice. Cytotoxic effects of circulating EV were evaluated ex-vivo in a Langendorff, system by measuring the level of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the perfusate. Mechanisms undergoing cytotoxic effects of EV derived from pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) were studied in-vitro in primary rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. Results: Inflammatory response following myocardial infarction dramatically increased the number of circulating extracellular vesicles carrying alarmins such as IL-1α, IL-1β and Rantes. Reducing the boost in inflammatory vesicles during the acute phase of ischemia resulted in preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in vivo. Hemodynamic analysis confirmed functional recovery by displaying higher velocity of left ventricular relaxation and improved contractility. When added to the perfusate of isolated hearts, post-infarction circulating vesicles induced significantly more cell death in adult cardiomyocytes, as assessed by cTnI release, comparing to circulating vesicles isolated from healthy (non-infarcted) rats. In vitro inflammatory extracellular vesicles induce cell death by driving nuclear translocation of NF-κB into nuclei of cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Our data suggest that targeting circulating extracellular vesicles during the acute phase of myocardial infarction may offer an effective therapeutic approach to preserve function of ischemic heart

5-GHz Modulation Bandwidth, Ultralow-Chirp 1.55-m Directly Modulated Hybrid Distributed Bragg Reflector (HDBR) Laser Source

Abstract-A hybrid source has been realized, integrating a fast Fabry-Perot laser and a fiber grating. The device has shown very good performances in the 1530-1570-nm range, obtaining 16 mA of threshold current at 20 C, 1.6-mW fiber optical power and 48 dB of sidemode suppression ratio at 50 mA bias current. The cavity length was designed to achieve a good tradeoff between chirp reduction and increasing speed. The device has shown for the first time, to our knowledge, more than 15 GHz of smallsignal modulation bandwidth, and 10-Gb/s modulation capability. Moreover, a penalty-free transmission experiment at 2.5 Gb/s over 100 km of standard fiber has confirmed the very low wavelength chirp of the device. These previous characteristics together with an extremely low temperature dependence (< < <0.02 nm/ C) make the hybrid distributed Bragg reflector (HDBR) particularly suitable for dense wavelength-division-multiplexing systems

外汇风险溢酬理论述评

外汇风险溢酬是从资产定价角度研究汇率变化的核心内容,但还未获得一致结论。目前,对外汇风险溢酬的时间序列建模并不理想,隐含变量模型和仿射模型都不能刻画外汇风险溢酬的时间序列特征;对外汇风险溢酬风险因子的研究缺乏一个统一框架,消费、微观市场因子和货币政策都只能部分解释外汇风险溢酬的变化。基于随机贴现因子的模型目前相对零散,但这一框架是后续研究的重点。一个亟待研究的课题是既把汇率作为投资性资产的价格,又考虑汇率作为两国货币的相对比价,研究外汇风险溢酬与两国经济波动、两国经济相关性的内在联系,从理论上厘清影响外汇风险溢酬的因素

Rapid Accumulation of CD14+CD11c+ Dendritic Cells in Gut Mucosa of Celiac Disease after in vivo Gluten Challenge

Of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) expressing HLA-DQ molecules in the celiac disease (CD) lesion, CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) co-expressing the monocyte marker CD14 are increased, whereas other DC subsets (CD1c(+) or CD103(+)) and CD163(+)CD11c(-) macrophages are all decreased. It is unclear whether these changes result from chronic inflammation or whether they represent early events in the gluten response. We have addressed this in a model of in vivo gluten challenge.Treated HLA-DQ2(+) CD patients (n = 12) and HLA-DQ2(+) gluten-sensitive control subjects (n = 12) on a gluten-free diet (GFD) were orally challenged with gluten for three days. Duodenal biopsies obtained before and after gluten challenge were subjected to immunohistochemistry. Single cell digests of duodenal biopsies from healthy controls (n = 4), treated CD (n = 3) and untreated CD (n = 3) patients were analyzed by flow cytometry.In treated CD patients, the gluten challenge increased the density of CD14(+)CD11c(+) DCs, whereas the density of CD103(+)CD11c(+) DCs and CD163(+)CD11c(-) macrophages decreased, and the density of CD1c(+)CD11c(+) DCs remained unchanged. Most CD14(+)CD11c(+) DCs co-expressed CCR2. The density of neutrophils also increased in the challenged mucosa, but in most patients no architectural changes or increase of CD3(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were found. In control tissue no significant changes were observed.Rapid accumulation of CD14(+)CD11c(+) DCs is specific to CD and precedes changes in mucosal architecture, indicating that this DC subset may be directly involved in the immunopathology of the disease. The expression of CCR2 and CD14 on the accumulating CD11c(+) DCs indicates that these cells are newly recruited monocytes

Wolfram Syndrome: New Mutations, Different Phenotype

BACKGROUND: Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness identified by the acronym "DIDMOAD". The WS gene, WFS1, encodes a transmembrane protein called Wolframin, which recent evidence suggests may serve as a novel endoplasmic reticulum calcium channel in pancreatic β-cells and neurons. WS is a rare disease, with an estimated prevalence of 1/550.000 children, with a carrier frequency of 1/354. The aim of our study was to determine the genotype of WS patients in order to establish a genotype/phenotype correlation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We clinically evaluated 9 young patients from 9 unrelated families (6 males, 3 females). Basic criteria for WS clinical diagnosis were coexistence of insulin-treated diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy occurring before 15 years of age. Genetic analysis for WFS1 was performed by direct sequencing. Molecular sequencing revealed 5 heterozygous compound and 3 homozygous mutations. All of them were located in exon 8, except one in exon 4. In one proband only an heterozygous mutation (A684V) was found. Two new variants c.2663 C>A and c.1381 A>C were detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study increases the spectrum of WFS1 mutations with two novel variants. The male patient carrying the compound mutation [c.1060_1062delTTC]+[c.2663 C>A] showed the most severe phenotype: diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy (visual acuity 5/10), deafness with deep auditory bilaterally 8000 Hz, diabetes insipidus associated to reduced volume of posterior pituitary and pons. He died in bed at the age of 13 years. The other patient carrying the compound mutation [c.409_424dup16]+[c.1381 A>C] showed a less severe phenotype (DM, OA)

Derivation of a Myeloid Cell-Binding Adenovirus for Gene Therapy of Inflammation

The gene therapy field is currently limited by the lack of vehicles that permit efficient gene delivery to specific cell or tissue subsets. Native viral vector tropisms offer a powerful platform for transgene delivery but remain nonspecific, requiring elevated viral doses to achieve efficacy. In order to improve upon these strategies, our group has focused on genetically engineering targeting domains into viral capsid proteins, particularly those based on adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Our primary strategy is based on deletion of the fiber knob domain, to eliminate broad tissue specificity through the human coxsackie-and-adenovirus receptor (hCAR), with seamless incorporation of ligands to re-direct Ad tropism to cell types that express the cognate receptors. Previously, our group and others have demonstrated successful implementation of this strategy in order to specifically target Ad to a number of surface molecules expressed on immortalized cell lines. Here, we utilized phage biopanning to identify a myeloid cell-binding peptide (MBP), with the sequence WTLDRGY, and demonstrated that MBP can be successfully incorporated into a knob-deleted Ad5. The resulting virus, Ad.MBP, results in specific binding to primary myeloid cell types, as well as significantly higher transduction of these target populations ex vivo, compared to unmodified Ad5. These data are the first step in demonstrating Ad targeting to cell types associated with inflammatory disease

A NEW DISCOLORATION OF RICOTTA CHEESE

A new alteration of ricotta cheese is here described. The discoloration which has been noted was red. The responsible bacteria has been identified as Serratia marcescens. This is probably the first report of this rare type of spoilage identified in Italy