2,403 research outputs found
Seyfert galaxies with Swift: giant flares, rapid drops, and other surprises
Swift has initiated a new era of understanding the extremes of active
galactic nuclei (AGN) variability, their drivers and underlying physics. This
is based on its rapid response, high sensitivity, good spatial resolution, and
its ability to collect simultaneously X--ray-to-optical SEDs. Here, we present
results from our recent monitoring campaigns with Swift of highly variable AGN,
including outbursts, deep low states, and unusual long-term trends in several
Seyfert galaxies including Mrk 335, WPVS007, and RXJ2314.9+2243. We also report
detection of a new X-ray and optical outburst of IC 3599 and our Swift
follow-ups. IC 3599 was previously known as one of the AGN with the
highest-amplitude outbursts. We briefly discuss implications of this second
outburst of IC 3599 for emission scenarios including accretion-disk
variability, repeat tidal disruption events, and the presence of a binary
supermassive black hole.Comment: to appear in "Swift: 10 years of discovery", Proceedings of Scienc
High-energy neutrino fluxes from AGN populations inferred from X-ray surveys
High-energy neutrinos and photons are complementary messengers, probing
violent astrophysical processes and structural evolution of the Universe. X-ray
and neutrino observations jointly constrain conditions in active galactic
nuclei (AGN) jets: their baryonic and leptonic contents, and particle
production efficiency. Testing two standard neutrino production models for
local source Cen A \citep{KT2008,BB2009}, we calculate the high-energy neutrino
spectra of single AGN sources and derive the flux of high-energy neutrinos
expected for the current epoch. Assuming that accretion determines both X-rays
and particle creation, our parametric scaling relations predict neutrino yield
in various AGN classes. We derive redshift-dependent number densities of each
class, from {\it Chandra} and {\it Swift}/BAT X-ray luminosity functions
\citep{SGB2008,ACS2009}. We integrate the neutrino spectrum expected from the
cumulative history of AGN (correcting for cosmological and source effects, e.g.
jet orientation and beaming). Both emission scenarios yield neutrino fluxes
well above limits set by {\it IceCube} (by -- at 1 PeV,
depending on the assumed jet models for neutrino production). This implies
that: (i) Cen A might not be a typical neutrino source as commonly assumed;
(ii) both neutrino production models overestimate the efficiency; (iii)
neutrino luminosity scales with accretion power differently among AGN classes
and hence does not follow X-ray luminosity universally; (iv) some AGN are
neutrino-quiet (e.g. below a power threshold for neutrino production); (v)
neutrino and X-ray emission have different duty cycles (e.g. jets alternate
between baryonic and leptonic flows); or (vi) some combination of the above.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Scaling law in target-hunting processes
We study the hunting process for a target, in which the hunter tracks the
goal by smelling odors it emits. The odor intensity is supposed to decrease
with the distance it diffuses. The Monte Carlo experiment is carried out on a
2-dimensional square lattice. Having no idea of the location of the target, the
hunter determines its moves only by random attempts in each direction. By
sorting the searching time in each simulation and introducing a variable to
reflect the sequence of searching time, we obtain a curve with a wide plateau,
indicating a most probable time of successfully finding out the target. The
simulations reveal a scaling law for the searching time versus the distance to
the position of the target. The scaling exponent depends on the sensitivity of
the hunter. Our model may be a prototype in studying such the searching
processes as various foods-foraging behavior of the wild animals.Comment: 7 figure
AN IRRIGATION MODEL FOR MANAGEMENT OF LIMITED WATER SUPPLIES
A two-stage simulation/mathematical programming model is presented for determining the optimal intraseasonal allocation of irrigation water under conditions of limited water supply. The model is applied to a series of water shortage scenarios under both surface and center pivot irrigation. Economically efficient irrigation management is shown to involve the coordination of a number of managerial decisions, including irrigation scheduling, crop substitution, the adoption of improved irrigation labor practices, and idling land. The results indicate that significant opportunities exist for conserving water in the study area under both surface and center pivot irrigation.Crop Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Color television study Final report, Nov. 1965 - Mar. 1966
Color television camera for transmission from lunar and earth orbits and lunar surfac
Adhesives for laminating polyimide insulated flat conductor cable
Polymer adhesive laminates polyimide-film flat conductor cable. It is obtained by reacting an appropriate diamine with a dianhydride. The adhesive has also been used in the lamination of copper to copper for the preparation of multilayer circuit boards
Use of soil moisture information in yield models
There are no author-identified significant results in this report
Historical Demography and Genetic Population Structure of the Blackfin Tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico
Little is known about the population structure and genetic variability of blackfin
tuna despite catch increases over the past 25 years. In this thesis, levels of genetic
variation contained in 323bp of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region-I (CR-I)
and in six microsatellite loci were characterized for two regions: the Gulf of Mexico
(GoM) and the Northwest Atlantic. Large amounts of mtDNA diversity (h>0.99; =0.047)
were observed in both regions. Mismatch distribution analysis of the CR-I sequence
data, using a mutation rate of 1.6% Ma-1for scombroid fishes, indicate blackfin tuna
underwent population expansion about 1.4 Ma, a timeline concordant with the expansion
of other tunas and billfishes. Estimates of female effective population size were very
large at 7.8 million and 12.8 million individuals for the NW Atlantic and the GoM,
respectively.
Both mtDNA and six microsatellite loci were used to determine blackfin tuna
population structure. Microsatellite and mtDNA AMOVAs revealed significant
differentiation (msat st=0.01, p=0.006 and mtDNA st=0.01, p=0.049) between the GoM
and the NW Atlantic samples. Migration estimates using mtDNA data indicate that twice as many females enter the NW Atlantic from the GoM (346
individuals/generation) than the opposite direction (150 individuals/generation).
Migration estimates using microsatellite data were substantially smaller, with the Gulf
receiving 7 individuals/generation and the NW Atlantic 4 individuals/generation.
Finally, low levels of genetic differentiation using microsatellite data have been
reported in other highly abundant marine fishes, which have been attributed to
homoplasy in allele size. To test this hypothesis, the allele frequency distributions of
blackfin and yellowfin tuna at six microsatellite loci were compared. The distances
between species were surprisingly small (Da=4.0%, (delta mu)squared=1.08), with a large degree of
similarity in frequency distributions at four loci. The comparison of bigeye tuna at two
microsatellite loci revealed additional inter-specific similarities. A mutation rate for
these loci was estimated by modifying an equation used to estimate time since
divergence. Microsatellites in tunas appear to evolve at a rate (4.3x10-7 Ma-1) that is two
orders of magnitude slower than other fishes (1x10-5 Ma-1). Accordingly, microsatellite
allele size similarities are plesiomorphic and not due to homoplasy
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