4,290 research outputs found
Uncertainties in Arctic sea ice thickness and volume: new estimates and implications for trends
Sea ice volume has decreased
in the last decades, evoked by changes in sea ice area and thickness.
Estimates of sea ice area and thickness rely on a number of geophysical
parameters which introduce large uncertainties. To quantify these
uncertainties we use freeboard retrievals from ICESat and investigate
different assumptions about snow depth, sea ice density and area. We find
that uncertainties in ice area are of minor importance for the estimates of
sea ice volume during the cold season in the Arctic basin. The choice of mean
ice density used when converting sea ice freeboard into thickness mainly
influences the resulting mean sea ice thickness, while snow depth on top of
the ice is the main driver for the year-to-year variability, particularly in
late winter. The absolute uncertainty in the mean sea ice thickness is
0.28 m in February/March and 0.21 m in October/November. The
uncertainty in snow depth contributes up to 70% of the total uncertainty
and the ice density 30β35%, with higher values in October/November. We
find large uncertainties in the total sea ice volume and trend. The mean
total sea ice volume is 10 120 Β± 1280 km<sup>3</sup> in October/November
and 13 250 Β± 1860 km<sup>3</sup> in February/March for the time period
2005β2007. Based on these uncertainties we obtain trends in sea ice volume
of −1450 Β± 530 km<sup>3</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> in October/November and −880 Β±
260 km<sup>3</sup> a<sup>−1</sup> in February/March over the ICESat period
(2003β2008). Our results indicate that, taking into account the
uncertainties, the decline in sea ice volume in the Arctic between the ICESat
(2003β2008) and CryoSat-2 (2010β2012) periods may have been less dramatic
than reported in previous studies. However, more work and validation is
required to quantify these changes and analyse possible unresolved biases in
the freeboard retrievals
The shortwave infrared bands response to stomatal conductance in Conference" Pear Trees (Pyrus communis L.)"
Published: 8 October 201
Therapeutic approach to idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π³ Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΏΡΠ° Π½Π° Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π· 1971 Π³. Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ Π² Π΄ΡΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π° 11-ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ²Π° Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ» Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° Π΄ΠΎ 5 ΠΌΠ³ / ΠΊΠ³ / 24 ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ-ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π² Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.Idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a rare disease in childhood with a high potential of a lethal outcome. The hallmark of the disorder is myocardial hypertrophy that occurs in the absence of an obvious hemodynamic stimulus. Since the first case of an experimental treatment of an infant described in 1971, beta blockers have become one of the leading medication options with variations of the dose regimens. According to the current literature data and clinical trials the use of beta blockers in high doses is consistent with a high percentage of survival.We`re presenting a clinical case of an 11-month old infant, who was admitted to our clinic with symptoms of congestive cardiac failure. The chest radiography and echocardiography results showed a severe symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without an obstruction in the left ventricular outflow tract. The treatment was started with Propranolol in a titrating dose until reaching the dose of 5mg/kg/24hours. Several weeks later, echocardiography examination showed a significant improvement in the left ventricle diastolic function with some degree of regression of myocardial hypertrophy.The use of high doses of beta blockers together with the monitoring of the clinical state could improve the prognosis and survival in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Supernova Ia: a Converging Delayed Detonation Wave
A model of a carbon-oxygen (C--O) presupernova core with an initial mass 1.33
M_\odot, an initial carbon mass fraction 0.27, and with an average mass
growth-rate 5 x 10^{-7} M_\odot/yr due to accretion in a binary system was
evolved from initial central density 10^9 g/cm^3, and temperature 2.05 x 10^8 K
through convective core formation and its subsequent expansion to the carbon
runaway at the center. The only thermonuclear reaction contained in the
equations of evolution and runaway was the carbon burning reaction 12C + 12C
with an energy release corresponding to the full transition of carbon and
oxygen (with the same rate as carbon) into 56Ni. As a parameter we take
\alpha_c - a ratio of a mixing length to the size of the convective zone. In
spite of the crude assumptions, we obtained a pattern of the runaway acceptable
for the supernova theory with the strong dependence of its duration on
\alpha_c. In the variants with large enough values of \alpha_c=4.0 x 10^{-3}
and 3.0 x 10^{-3} the fuel combustion occurred from the very beginning as a
prompt detonation. In the range of 2.0 x 10^{-3} >= \alpha_c >= 3.0 x 10^{-4}
the burning started as a deflagration with excitation of stellar pulsations
with growing amplitude. Eventually, the detonation set in, which was activated
near the surface layers of the presupernova (with m about 1.33 M_\odot) and
penetrated into the star down to the deflagration front. Excitation of model
pulsations and formation of a detonation front are described in detail for the
variant with \alpha_c=1.0 x 10^{-3}.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Astronomy Letter
Detrended fluctuation analysis as a statistical tool to monitor the climate
Detrended fluctuation analysis is used to investigate power law relationship
between the monthly averages of the maximum daily temperatures for different
locations in the western US. On the map created by the power law exponents, we
can distinguish different geographical regions with different power law
exponents. When the power law exponents obtained from the detrended fluctuation
analysis are plotted versus the standard deviation of the temperature
fluctuations, we observe different data points belonging to the different
climates, hence indicating that by observing the long-time trends in the
fluctuations of temperature we can distinguish between different climates.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, submitted to JSTA
Results of investigation of muon fluxes of superhigh energy cosmic rays with X-ray emulsion chambers
The overall data from the investigation of the cosmic ray muon flux in the range of zenith angles (0-90) deg within the energy range (3.5 to 5.0) TeV is presented. The exposure of large X-ray emulsion chambers underground was 1200 tons. year. The data were processe using the method which was applied in the experiment Pamir and differred from the earlier applied one. The obtained value of a slope power index of the differential energy spectrum of the global muon flux is =3.7 that corresponds to the slope of the pion generation differential spectrum, gamma sub PI = 2.75 + or - .04. The analysis of the muon zenith-angular distribution showed that the contribution of rapid generation muons in the total muon flux agree the best with the value .2% and less with .7% at a 90% reliability level
NOTES ON THE ROLE PLAYED BY MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE OCCURRENCE AND COURSE OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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