Синтез и свойства амидов на основе абиетиновой кислоты и диэтилентриамина

Chemical interaction of abietic acid with diethylenetriamine at molar ratio of 1,0 : 1,2 and temperatures of 190 and 210 °С allows to obtain a product with acid number of 55 and 18 mg КОН/g, temperature of softening of 24-26 °С and 29-31 °С respectively, mixing unlimitedly with water and thermally stable up to 300 °С. This product can be used as a functional substance, capable of giving some water repellency to paper and cardboard and improving its strength.Химическое взаимодействие абиетиновой кислоты с диэтилентриамином при мольном соотношении 1,0:1,2 и температурах 190 и 210 °С позволяет получить продукт с кислотным числом 55 и 18 мг КОН/г, температурой размягчения 24-26 °С и 29-31 °С соответственно, обладающий неограниченной смешиваемостью с водой и термической устойчивостью до температуры 300°С. Этот продукт может использоваться в качестве функционального вещества, способного придать бумаге и картону определенную степень гидрофобности и улучшить прочностные показатели

Модифицирование смоляных кислот канифоли для улучшения их гидрофобизирующего действия на бумагу и картон

The modification of rosin resin acids, which improves their hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard, is based on the implementation of 6 stages. Control of chemical processes at each stage is carried out by monitoring and regulating temperature and flow parameters, which determine the achievement of the required physical and chemical properties and composition of intermediates and final substance. One of the main indicators is the acid number, which for the final substance should be 60–70 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to the content of free resin acids in the functional substance of 40–45 %. The fulfillment of the specified temperature and consumption parameters for the modification of resin acids of rosin and the achievement of the necessary physicochemical properties of intermediates at each stage ensures the production of a functional substance with an improved hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard. Compared to the traditionally used TM adhesive-paste, the developed functional substance in the production of paper with absorbency at one-sided wetting of not more than 21 g/m2 provides a reduction in the content of particles of the dispersed phase of the rosin emulsion by 1.4–2.0 times, which indicates its improved properties, and maximum preservation of the original strength of the paper by reducing the distance between the fibers due to a 3.3–3.8 times reduction (from 4200–5000 to 1100–1480 nm) in the size of sizing complexes.Модифицирование смоляных кислот канифоли, обеспечивающее улучшение гидрофобизирующего действия на бумагу и картон, основано на осуществлении 6 стадий. Управление химическими процессами на каждой стадии осуществляется путем контроля и регулирования температурных и расходных параметров, обусловливающих достижение требуемых физико-химических свойств и состава полупродуктов и конечного вещества. Один из основных показателей – кислотное число, которое для конечного вещества должно составлять 60–70 мг KOH/г, что соответствует содержанию свободных смоляных кислот в функциональном веществе 40–45 %. Выполнение указанных температурных и расходных параметров модифицирования смоляных кислот канифоли и достижение необходимых физико-химических свойств полупродуктов на каждой стадии обеспечивают получение функционального вещества, обладающего улучшенным гидрофобизирующим действием на бумагу и картон. По сравнению с традиционно используемым клеем-пастой ТМ, разработанное функциональное вещество при получении бумаги с впитываемостью при одностороннем смачивании не более 21 г/м2 обеспечивает снижение содержания частиц дисперсной фазы канифольной эмульсии в 1,4–2,0 раза, что свидетельствует об ее улучшенных гидрофобизирующих свойствах, и максимальное сохранение первоначальной прочности бумаги за счет уменьшения расстояния между волокнами благодаря снижению в 3,3–3,8 раза (от 4200–5000 до 1100–1480 нм) размера проклеивающих комплексов

"It’s sort of reaffirmed to me that I'm not a monster, I'm not a terrible person": sex offenders’ movements toward desistance via peer-support roles in prison

Individuals incarcerated in prisons across the United Kingdom and abroad are able to volunteer for a variety of peer-support roles, which are characterized by prisoner-to-prisoner helping. Some research has found that such roles can represent turning points in the lives of those who have offended and encourage movements toward desistance. This proposed redemptive influence is argued to result from the prosocial behaviors that such roles appear to elicit in their holders. The present study aims to explore the mechanics of this claimed influence. While a limited amount of research has attempted this on a general offending population, no research has done so with a sample of sexual offenders. Given the intensive treatment programs involved in such contexts, and the requirements for sexual offenders to demonstrate reduced risk, the authors believe those serving time for sexual offenses represent an important sample on which to explore the potentially redemptive properties of peer-support roles. To this end, 13 peer supporters participated in semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using a phenomenologically oriented thematic analysis. Results suggest that sexual offenders who adopt peer-support roles are able to live up to desired selves by “doing good” in prison, “giving back,” and consequently resisting negative labels. These benefits have been theoretically linked with better reintegration outcomes for sexual offenders, who are publicly denigrated in the extreme and find it especially difficult to (re)integrate. Suggestions regarding the future utility of such schemes are offered

Spin relaxation in low-dimensional systems

We review some of the newest findings on the spin dynamics of carriers and excitons in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells. In intrinsic wells, where the optical properties are dominated by excitonic effects, we show that exciton-exciton interaction produces a breaking of the spin degeneracy in two-dimensional semiconductors. In doped wells, the two spin components of an optically created two-dimensional electron gas are well described by Fermi-Dirac distributions with a common temperature but different chemical potentials. The rate of the spin depolarization of the electron gas is found to be independent of the mean electron kinetic energy but accelerated by thermal spreading of the carriers.Comment: 1 PDF file, 13 eps figures, Proceedings of the 1998 International Workshop on Nanophysics and Electronics (NPE-98)- Lecce (Italy

What’s Sex (Composition) Got to Do with It? The Importance of Sex Composition of Gangs for Female and Male Members’ Offending and Victimization

Sex composition of groups has been theorized in organizational sociology and found in prior work to structure female and male members’ behaviors and experiences. Peer group and gang literature similarly finds that the sex gap in offending varies across groups of differing sex ratios. Drawing on this and other research linking gang membership, offending, and victimization, we examine whether sex composition of gangs is linked to sex differences in offending in this sample, further assess whether sex composition similarly structures females’ and males’ victimization experiences, and if so, why. Self-report data from gang members in a multi-site, longitudinal study of 3,820 youths are employed. Results support previous findings about variations in member delinquency by both sex and sex composition of the gang and also indicate parallel variations in members’ victimization. These results are further considered within the context of facilitating effects such as gender dynamics, gang characteristics, and normative orientation

Особенности применения эмульсий димеров алкилкетенов и модифицированных смоляных кислот в целлюлозных и макулатурных суспензиях для получения высококачественных видов бумаги и картона

The features of the use of sizing emulsions of alkyl ketene dimers (AKD) and resin acids modified with monoethyl cellosolve maleate (TM) and monoethanolamine (TMAS-3N) for hydrophobization of fibrous suspensions containing primary (sulphate cellulose (unbleached and bleached) from coniferous and hardwood) and secondary (waste paper) semi-finished products, differing in fractional composition and degree of grinding (25-70 °SR). The content of particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsions varied from 0.08 to 0.30 % for the AKD emulsion and from 0.20 to 2.00 % for TM and TMAS-3N. It has been established that the hydrophobic effect of AKD, TM and TMAS-3N emulsions increases when secondary fibrous semi-finished products are replaced with primary ones; it depends on the grinding degree of the fibrous suspension and its fractional composition. A feature of the use of alkyl ketene dimers emulsion lies in the ability of its particles to form hydrophobic β-ketoether bonds with hydroxyl groups of fibers, the number of which increases singnificantly when cellulose fibers are used instead of recycled ones. A feature of the use of TM and TMAS-3N rosin emulsions is their ability to form sizing complexes in the presence of electrolyte, which makes it possible to ensure their electrostatic interaction with the surface of fibers (cellulose and waste paper). The advantage of the TMAS-3N emulsion as compared to TM is the possibility of reducing the content of particles of the dispersed phase by 1.8-6.6 times while achieving high hydrophobicity (absorption with one-sided wetting does not exceed 21 g/m2) and maintaining the original strength of paper and cardboard.Изучены особенности применения проклеивающих эмульсий димеров алкилкетенов (AKD) и смоляных кислот, модифицированных моноэтилцеллозольвмалеинатом (ТМ) и моноэтаноламином (ТМАС-3Н), для гидрофобизации волокнистых суспензий, содержащих первичные (целлюлозу сульфатную (небеленую и беленую) из хвойных и лиственных пород древесины) и вторичные (макулатуру) полуфабрикаты, отличающиеся фракционным составом и степенью помола (25-70 ° ШР). Содержание частиц дисперсной фазы эмульсий варьировали от 0,08 до 0,30 % для AKD и от 0,20 до 2,00 % для ТМ и ТМАС-3Н. Установлено, что гидрофобизирующее действие эмульсий AKD, ТМ и ТМАС-3Н повышается при замене вторичных волокнистых полуфабрикатов на первичные; оно зависит от степени помола волокнистой суспензии и ее фракционного состава. Особенность применения эмульсии димеров алкилкетенов заключается в способности ее частиц образовывать гидрофобные β-кетоэфирные связи с гидроксильными группами волокон, количество которых заметно возрастает при использовании целлюлозных волокон вместо макулатурных. Особенностью применения канифольных эмульсий ТМ и ТМАС-3Н является их способность образовывать проклеивающие комплексы в присутствии электролита, что позволяет обеспечить их электростатическое взаимодействие с поверхностью волокон (целлюлозных и макулатурных). Преимуществом эмульсии ТМАС-3Н по сравнению с ТМ является возможность снижения содержания частиц дисперсной фазы в 1,8-6,6 раза при одновременном достижении высокой гидрофобности (впитываемость при одностороннем смачивании не превышает 21 г/м2) и сохранении первоначальной прочности бумаги и картона

Новый азотсодержащий полимер с упрочняющим и гидрофобизирующим действием на бумагу и картон

A new nitrogen-containing product based on tall oil rosin, adipic acid and diethylenetriamine is capable of simultaneously exerting a strengthening and hydrophobizing effect on paper and cardboard made both from primary (cellulose) and secondary (waste paper) fibers. The strengthening effect is due to the presence in its structure of nitrogen-containing groups –NH2 and –NH– capable of forming additional interfiber bonds with negatively charged hydroxyl groups of cellulose macromolecules. Hydrophobizing effect is provided by resin acids included in the product. Preparation of the product with preset physicochemical properties (acid number not more than 40 mg KOH/g, solubility in water, cationic character and thermal stability at a temperature of at least 135 °C) was carried out in three stages. The first stage is the tall oil resin acids modification with diethylenetriamine; the second stage is the polycondensation of the resin acid amides obtained in the first stage with adipic acid and diethylenetriamine; the final stage is water dilution of the product formed in the second stage, to a solids content of 10–12 %. In paper masses containing primary and secondary fibers glued with alkylketene dimers (Fennosize KD 225 YP), the replacement of the import strengthening agent (cationic starch Hi-Cat) with a new nitrogen-containing product allows us, first, to increase the dry strength of paper and cardboard and improve hydrophobicity and, secondly, to prevent undesirable process of “sticking” when storing paper samples (elementary layers of cardboard).Новый азотсодержащий полимер на основе талловой канифоли, адипиновой кислоты и диэтилентриамина способен одновременно оказывать упрочняющее и гидрофобизирующее действие на бумагу и картон, изготовленные как из первичных волокон (целлюлозных), так и вторичных (макулатурных). Упрочняющее действие обусловлено наличием в его структуре азотсодержащих групп –NH2 и –NH–, способных образовывать дополнительные межволоконные связи с отрицательно заряженными гидроксильными группами макромолекул волокон. Гидрофобизирующее действие обеспечивают смоляные кислоты, входящие в состав продукта. Получение продукта с заданными физико-химическими свойствами (кислотное число не более 40 мг KOH/г, растворимость в воде, катионный характер, термическая стабильность при температуре не менее 135 °С) осуществляли в три стадии: 1 – модифицирование смоляных кислот талловой канифоли диэтилентриамином; 2 – поликонденсация амидов смоляных кислот канифоли, полученных на первой стадии, с адипиновой кислотой и диэтилентриамином; 3 – разведение продукта, образовавшегося на второй стадии, водой до содержания сухих веществ 10–12 %. В бумажных массах, проклеенных димерами алкилкетенов (например, Fennosize KD 225 YP), осуществляется замена импортного упрочняющего вещества (катионного крахмала Hi-Cat) на новый азотсодержащий продукт, что позволяет, во-первых, увеличить прочность образцов бумаги и картона в сухом состоянии и улучшить их гидрофобность и, во-вторых, предотвратить нежелательный процесс «расклейки» при их хранении

What Are the Economic Consequences of Unplanned Readmissions After TKA?

BACKGROUND: In 2009, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began penalizing hospitals with high rates of 30-day readmissions after hospitalizations for certain conditions. This policy will expand to include TKA in 2015. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: What are the median profits and contribution margins of: (1) Medicare-reimbursed TKA, (2) 30-day TKA readmission, and (3) entire episode of care for readmitted TKA patients within 30 days compared to nonreadmitted patients? (4) Under new CMS guidelines, what financial penalty will the authors' institution face if its arthroplasty readmission rate exceeds the national average? METHODS: A retrospective review of 3218 primary TKAs performed during 2 years at a large urban academic hospital network was conducted using administrative and financial data. RESULTS: The median profit and contribution margins, respectively, were as follows: TKA episode, USD 5209 and USD 11,726; 30-day readmission, USD 608 and USD 3814; TKA visit with readmission, USD 2855 and USD 13,901; TKA visit without readmission, USD 5300 and USD 11,652. Readmission penalties could reach USD 6.21 million per year for the authors' institution. DISCUSSION: If our results are generalizable, unplanned TKA readmissions lead to diminished total profit. Although associated with a positive contribution margin, this is likely to be a short-term phenomenon as the new CMS policy will result in readmissions coming at a steep cost to referral centers

Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management

BACKGROUND: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of incapacitating nausea, vomiting and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. This report describes the clinical features, co-morbidities and problems encountered in management of 41 adult patients who met the diagnostic criteria for CVS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of adults with CVS seen between 1994 and 2003. Follow-up data were obtained by mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: Age of onset ranged from 2 to 49 years. The duration of CVS at the time of consultation ranged from less than 1 year to 49 years. CVS episodes were stereotypic in respect of their hours of onset, symptomatology and length. Ninety-three percent of patients had recognizable prodromes. Half of the patients experienced a constellation of symptoms consisting of CVS episodes, migraine diathesis, inter-episodic dyspeptic nausea and a history of panic attacks. Deterioration in the course of CVS is indicated by coalescence of episodes in time. The prognosis of CVS is favorable in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: CVS is a disabling disorder affecting adults as well as children. Because its occurrence in adults is little known, patients experience delayed or mis-diagnosis and ineffectual, sometimes inappropriately invasive management