799 research outputs found
Π‘ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°
Chemical interaction of abietic acid with diethylenetriamine at molar ratio of 1,0 : 1,2 and temperatures of 190 and 210 Β°Π‘ allows to obtain a product with acid number of 55 and 18 mg ΠΠΠ/g, temperature of softening of 24-26 Β°Π‘ and 29-31 Β°Π‘ respectively, mixing unlimitedly with water and thermally stable up to 300 Β°Π‘. This product can be used as a functional substance, capable of giving some water repellency to paper and cardboard and improving its strength.Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π±ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1,0:1,2 ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
190 ΠΈ 210 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ 55 ΠΈ 18 ΠΌΠ³ ΠΠΠ/Π³, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΡΠ³ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ 24-26 Β°Π‘ ΠΈ 29-31 Β°Π‘ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ 300Β°Π‘. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½
The modification of rosin resin acids, which improves their hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard, is based on the implementation of 6 stages. Control of chemical processes at each stage is carried out by monitoring and regulating temperature and flow parameters, which determine the achievement of the required physical and chemical properties and composition of intermediates and final substance. One of the main indicators is the acid number, which for the final substance should be 60β70 mg KOH/g, which corresponds to the content of free resin acids in the functional substance of 40β45 %. The fulfillment of the specified temperature and consumption parameters for the modification of resin acids of rosin and the achievement of the necessary physicochemical properties of intermediates at each stage ensures the production of a functional substance with an improved hydrophobic effect on paper and cardboard. Compared to the traditionally used TM adhesive-paste, the developed functional substance in the production of paper with absorbency at one-sided wetting of not more than 21 g/m2 provides a reduction in the content of particles of the dispersed phase of the rosin emulsion by 1.4β2.0 times, which indicates its improved properties, and maximum preservation of the original strength of the paper by reducing the distance between the fibers due to a 3.3β3.8 times reduction (from 4200β5000 to 1100β1480 nm) in the size of sizing complexes.ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 6 ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ. Π£ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ β ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ 60β70 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ 40β45 %. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½. ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅ΠΌ-ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π’Π, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 21 Π³/ΠΌ2 ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1,4β2,0 ΡΠ°Π·Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 3,3β3,8 ΡΠ°Π·Π° (ΠΎΡ 4200β5000 Π΄ΠΎ 1100β1480 Π½ΠΌ) ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
"Itβs sort of reaffirmed to me that I'm not a monster, I'm not a terrible person": sex offendersβ movements toward desistance via peer-support roles in prison
Individuals incarcerated in prisons across the United Kingdom and abroad are able to volunteer for a variety of peer-support roles, which are characterized by prisoner-to-prisoner helping. Some research has found that such roles can represent turning points in the lives of those who have offended and encourage movements toward desistance. This proposed redemptive influence is argued to result from the prosocial behaviors that such roles appear to elicit in their holders. The present study aims to explore the mechanics of this claimed influence. While a limited amount of research has attempted this on a general offending population, no research has done so with a sample of sexual offenders. Given the intensive treatment programs involved in such contexts, and the requirements for sexual offenders to demonstrate reduced risk, the authors believe those serving time for sexual offenses represent an important sample on which to explore the potentially redemptive properties of peer-support roles. To this end, 13 peer supporters participated in semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using a phenomenologically oriented thematic analysis. Results suggest that sexual offenders who adopt peer-support roles are able to live up to desired selves by βdoing goodβ in prison, βgiving back,β and consequently resisting negative labels. These benefits have been theoretically linked with better reintegration outcomes for sexual offenders, who are publicly denigrated in the extreme and find it especially difficult to (re)integrate. Suggestions regarding the future utility of such schemes are offered
Spin relaxation in low-dimensional systems
We review some of the newest findings on the spin dynamics of carriers and
excitons in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells. In intrinsic wells, where the optical
properties are dominated by excitonic effects, we show that exciton-exciton
interaction produces a breaking of the spin degeneracy in two-dimensional
semiconductors. In doped wells, the two spin components of an optically created
two-dimensional electron gas are well described by Fermi-Dirac distributions
with a common temperature but different chemical potentials. The rate of the
spin depolarization of the electron gas is found to be independent of the mean
electron kinetic energy but accelerated by thermal spreading of the carriers.Comment: 1 PDF file, 13 eps figures, Proceedings of the 1998 International
Workshop on Nanophysics and Electronics (NPE-98)- Lecce (Italy
Whatβs Sex (Composition) Got to Do with It? The Importance of Sex Composition of Gangs for Female and Male Membersβ Offending and Victimization
Sex composition of groups has been theorized in organizational sociology and found in prior work to structure female and male membersβ behaviors and experiences. Peer group and gang literature similarly finds that the sex gap in offending varies across groups of differing sex ratios. Drawing on this and other research linking gang membership, offending, and victimization, we examine whether sex composition of gangs is linked to sex differences in offending in this sample, further assess whether sex composition similarly structures femalesβ and malesβ victimization experiences, and if so, why. Self-report data from gang members in a multi-site, longitudinal study of 3,820 youths are employed. Results support previous findings about variations in member delinquency by both sex and sex composition of the gang and also indicate parallel variations in membersβ victimization. These results are further considered within the context of facilitating effects such as gender dynamics, gang characteristics, and normative orientation
ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°
The features of the use of sizing emulsions of alkyl ketene dimers (AKD) and resin acids modified with monoethyl cellosolve maleate (TM) and monoethanolamine (TMAS-3N) for hydrophobization of fibrous suspensions containing primary (sulphate cellulose (unbleached and bleached) from coniferous and hardwood) and secondary (waste paper) semi-finished products, differing in fractional composition and degree of grinding (25-70 Β°SR). The content of particles of the dispersed phase of the emulsions varied from 0.08 to 0.30 % for the AKD emulsion and from 0.20 to 2.00 % for TM and TMAS-3N. It has been established that the hydrophobic effect of AKD, TM and TMAS-3N emulsions increases when secondary fibrous semi-finished products are replaced with primary ones; it depends on the grinding degree of the fibrous suspension and its fractional composition. A feature of the use of alkyl ketene dimers emulsion lies in the ability of its particles to form hydrophobic Ξ²-ketoether bonds with hydroxyl groups of fibers, the number of which increases singnificantly when cellulose fibers are used instead of recycled ones. A feature of the use of TM and TMAS-3N rosin emulsions is their ability to form sizing complexes in the presence of electrolyte, which makes it possible to ensure their electrostatic interaction with the surface of fibers (cellulose and waste paper). The advantage of the TMAS-3N emulsion as compared to TM is the possibility of reducing the content of particles of the dispersed phase by 1.8-6.6 times while achieving high hydrophobicity (absorption with one-sided wetting does not exceed 21 g/m2) and maintaining the original strength of paper and cardboard.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (AKD) ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ (Π’Π) ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ (Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π), Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ (Π½Π΅Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΡΡ) ΠΈΠ· Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ) ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° (25-70 Β° Π¨Π ). Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ 0,08 Π΄ΠΎ 0,30 % Π΄Π»Ρ AKD ΠΈ ΠΎΡ 0,20 Π΄ΠΎ 2,00 % Π΄Π»Ρ Π’Π ΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ AKD, Π’Π ΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅; ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ Ξ²-ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π’Π ΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
). ΠΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π’ΠΠΠ‘-3Π ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π’Π ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² 1,8-6,6 ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 21 Π³/ΠΌ2) ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½
A new nitrogen-containing product based on tall oil rosin, adipic acid and diethylenetriamine is capable of simultaneously exerting a strengthening and hydrophobizing effect on paper and cardboard made both from primary (cellulose) and secondary (waste paper) fibers. The strengthening effect is due to the presence in its structure of nitrogen-containing groups βNH2 and βNHβ capable of forming additional interfiber bonds with negatively charged hydroxyl groups of cellulose macromolecules. Hydrophobizing effect is provided by resin acids included in the product. Preparation of the product with preset physicochemical properties (acid number not more than 40 mg KOH/g, solubility in water, cationic character and thermal stability at a temperature of at least 135 Β°C) was carried out in three stages. The first stage is the tall oil resin acids modification with diethylenetriamine; the second stage is the polycondensation of the resin acid amides obtained in the first stage with adipic acid and diethylenetriamine; the final stage is water dilution of the product formed in the second stage, to a solids content of 10β12 %. In paper masses containing primary and secondary fibers glued with alkylketene dimers (Fennosize KD 225 YP), the replacement of the import strengthening agent (cationic starch Hi-Cat) with a new nitrogen-containing product allows us, first, to increase the dry strength of paper and cardboard and improve hydrophobicity and, secondly, to prevent undesirable process of βstickingβ when storing paper samples (elementary layers of cardboard).ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ (ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
). Π£ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ βNH2 ΠΈ βNHβ, ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ» Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½. ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ° Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ (ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 40 ΠΌΠ³ KOH/Π³, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 135 Β°Π‘) ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ: 1 β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ; 2 β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ; 3 β ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² 10β12 %. Π Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π΅Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ² (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Fennosize KD 225 YP), ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° (ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°Π»Π° Hi-Cat) Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈΒ» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
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ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
An accelerator based fusion-product source for development of Inertial Confinement Fusion nuclear diagnostics
What Are the Economic Consequences of Unplanned Readmissions After TKA?
BACKGROUND: In 2009, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) began penalizing hospitals with high rates of 30-day readmissions after hospitalizations for certain conditions. This policy will expand to include TKA in 2015.
QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: What are the median profits and contribution margins of: (1) Medicare-reimbursed TKA, (2) 30-day TKA readmission, and (3) entire episode of care for readmitted TKA patients within 30 days compared to nonreadmitted patients? (4) Under new CMS guidelines, what financial penalty will the authors' institution face if its arthroplasty readmission rate exceeds the national average?
METHODS: A retrospective review of 3218 primary TKAs performed during 2 years at a large urban academic hospital network was conducted using administrative and financial data.
RESULTS: The median profit and contribution margins, respectively, were as follows: TKA episode, USD 5209 and USD 11,726; 30-day readmission, USD 608 and USD 3814; TKA visit with readmission, USD 2855 and USD 13,901; TKA visit without readmission, USD 5300 and USD 11,652. Readmission penalties could reach USD 6.21 million per year for the authors' institution.
DISCUSSION: If our results are generalizable, unplanned TKA readmissions lead to diminished total profit. Although associated with a positive contribution margin, this is likely to be a short-term phenomenon as the new CMS policy will result in readmissions coming at a steep cost to referral centers
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in 41 adults: the illness, the patients, and problems of management
BACKGROUND: Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, stereotypic episodes of incapacitating nausea, vomiting and other symptoms, separated by intervals of comparative wellness. This report describes the clinical features, co-morbidities and problems encountered in management of 41 adult patients who met the diagnostic criteria for CVS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of adults with CVS seen between 1994 and 2003. Follow-up data were obtained by mailed questionnaires. RESULTS: Age of onset ranged from 2 to 49 years. The duration of CVS at the time of consultation ranged from less than 1 year to 49 years. CVS episodes were stereotypic in respect of their hours of onset, symptomatology and length. Ninety-three percent of patients had recognizable prodromes. Half of the patients experienced a constellation of symptoms consisting of CVS episodes, migraine diathesis, inter-episodic dyspeptic nausea and a history of panic attacks. Deterioration in the course of CVS is indicated by coalescence of episodes in time. The prognosis of CVS is favorable in the majority of patients. CONCLUSION: CVS is a disabling disorder affecting adults as well as children. Because its occurrence in adults is little known, patients experience delayed or mis-diagnosis and ineffectual, sometimes inappropriately invasive management
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