Magnetospheric convection from Cluster EDI measurements compared with the ground-based ionospheric convection model IZMEM

Cluster/EDI electron drift observations above the Northern and Southern polar cap areas for more than seven and a half years (2001–2008) have been used to derive a statistical model of the high-latitude electric potential distribution for summer conditions. Based on potential pattern for different orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the GSM y-z-plane, basic convection pattern (BCP) were derived, that represent the main characteristics of the electric potential distribution in dependence on the IMF. The BCPs comprise the IMF-independent potential distribution as well as patterns, which describe the dependence on positive and negative IMF<I>B<sub>z</sub></I> and IMF<I>B<sub>y</sub></I> variations. The full set of BCPs allows to describe the spatial and temporal variation of the high-latitude electric potential (ionospheric convection) for any solar wind IMF condition near the Earth's magnetopause within reasonable ranges. The comparison of the Cluster/EDI model with the IZMEM ionospheric convection model, which was derived from ground-based magnetometer observations, shows a good agreement of the basic patterns and its variation with the IMF. According to the statistical models, there is a two-cell antisunward convection within the polar cap for northward IMF<I>B<sub>z</sub></I>+≤2 nT, while for increasing northward IMF<I>B<sub>z</sub></I>+ there appears a region of sunward convection within the high-latitude daytime sector, which assumes the form of two additional cells with sunward convection between them for IMF<I>B<sub>z</sub></I>+≈4–5 nT. This results in a four-cell convection pattern of the high-latitude convection. In dependence of the ±IMF<I>B<sub>y</sub></I> contribution during sufficiently strong northward IMF<I>B<sub>z</sub></I> conditions, a transformation to three-cell convection patterns takes place

Regional Aspects of Nosocomial Infection As a Medical and Social Problem

Prevention of nosocomial infection (NI) is an important medical and socioeconomic problem. And though certain organizational and practical measures are implemented in Russia every year to reduce NIs, the problem is still relevant from medical and social points of view. The risk of infection are both for patients and medical workers. In Russia, the minimum economic damage caused by NIs is 2.5–5 billion rubles annually. According to the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Republic of Mordovia, the total incidence of NI in the region is at a low level. The incidence rate was 0.01 per 1000 patients in hospitals. The dynamics of the last five years demonstrates a decrease in hospital-acquired infections. In the dynamics of the last five years, incidence rates of purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women, postoperative purulent-septic complications and post-injection complications had an unstable downward trend. Thus, purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women and postoperative infections are dominated in the structure of nosocomial infections. Analysis of dynamics of morbidity in recent years in the Republic of Mordovia suggests that the measures taken to prevent NI are quite effective and are manifested with consistently low rates

Self‐consistent modeling of the large‐scale distortions in the geomagnetic field during the 24–27 September 1998 major magnetic storm

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94715/1/jgra17531.pd

Characteristics of the electrojet during intense magnetic disturbances

Hall current variations in different time sectors during six magnetic storms from the summer seasons in 2003 and 2005 (Ritter, 2018) are examined, namely three storms in the day–night meridional sector and three storms in the dawn–dusk sector. The sequence of the phenomena, their structure and positions, and the strength of the polar (PE) and the auroral (AE) Hall electrojets were investigated using scalar magnetic field measurements obtained from the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite in accordance with the study of Ritter et al. (2004a). We analyzed the correlations of the PE and AE as well as the obtained regression relations of the magnetic latitude MLat and the electrojet current intensity I with auroral and ring current activity, the interplanetary magnetic field, and the Newell et al. (2007) coupling function for the state of the solar wind. The following typical characteristics of the electrojets were revealed:The PE appears in the daytime sector at MLat&thinsp; ∼ 80°–73°, with a westward or an eastward direction depending on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component (By&thinsp; &lt; &thinsp;0&thinsp;nT or By&thinsp; &gt; &thinsp;0&thinsp;nT). Changes in the current flow direction in the PE can occur repeatedly during the storm, but only due to changes in the IMF By orientation. The PE increases with the intensity of the IMF By component from I ∼ 0.4&thinsp;A&thinsp;m−1 for By ∼ 0&thinsp;nT up to I ∼ 1.0&thinsp;A&thinsp;m−1 for By ∼ 23&thinsp;nT. The MLat position of the PE does not depend on the direction and intensity of the By component.There is no connection between MLat and I in the PE and the symmetric part of the magnetospheric ring current (index SymH). There is a correlation between I in the PE and the AsyH index, but only a very weak interconnection of this index with the MLat of the PE.Substorms occurring before the storm's main phase are accompanied by the appearance of an eastward electrojet (EE) at MLat&thinsp; ∼ 64° as well as that of a westward electrojet (WE). In the nighttime sector, a WE appears at MLat&thinsp; ∼ 64°. During the main phase both electrojets persist. The daytime EE and the nighttime WE shift toward sub-auroral latitudes of MLat&thinsp; ∼ 56° and grow in intensity up to I ∼ 1.5&thinsp;A&thinsp;m−1. The WE is then located about 6° closer to the pole than the EE during evening hours and about 2°–3° closer during daytime hours.</p

Space weather and space anomalies

A large database of anomalies, registered by 220 satellites in different orbits over the period 1971-1994 has been compiled. For the first time, data from 49 Russian Kosmos satellites have been included in a statistical analysis. The database also contains a large set of daily and hourly space weather parameters. A series of statistical analyses made it possible to quantify, for different satellite orbits, space weather conditions on the days characterized by anomaly occurrences. In particular, very intense fluxes (&amp;gt;1000 pfu at energy &amp;gt;10 MeV) of solar protons are linked to anomalies registered by satellites in high-altitude (&amp;gt;15000 km), near-polar (inclination &amp;gt;55&amp;deg;) orbits typical for navigation satellites, such as those used in the GPS network, NAVSTAR, etc. (the rate of anomalies increases by a factor ~20), and to a much smaller extent to anomalies in geostationary orbits, (they increase by a factor ~4). Direct and indirect connections between anomaly occurrence and geomagnetic perturbations are also discussed

Effects of etifoxine: Chemoreactome simulation

Etifoxine modulates GABAergic transmission and is used as an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) medication. The indications for etifoxine use are anxiety, fear and inner tension.Objective: to simulate the biological properties of etifoxine. This simulation has been carried out for the first time.Material and methods. Reliable estimates of more than 2,500 biological activities were obtained for this molecule, which were compared with the reference drug lorazepam (benzodiazepine).Results and discussion. The data obtained from chemoreactome simulation may suggest that there are significant differences between the pharmacological effects of etifoxine and benzodiazepine in: 1) the selectivity of binding to various neurotransmitter receptors; 2) anti-inflammatory activity; 3) the effect on hemodynamics and vascular walls; 4) negative side effects and 5) pharmacokinetic parameters.Conclusion. The findings are consistent with the available experimental and clinical data and are indicative of promising clinical applications of etifoxine

MODELING OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN VERTICAL SETTLER

Purpose. Increasing the effectiveness of water treatment plants is an urgent technical problem. To obtain the efficiency analysis of certain facility of water treatment plant, at the design stage, it is necessary to have special mathematical models. In the paper, the development of mathematical models for assessing the performance of vertical settler having additional structural elements and used in wastewater treatment systems is considered. Methodology. The pollutant distribution in the settler has been computed using the hydrodynamics equation for the viscous incompressible fluid. Additional equation is the equation for the spread of contaminants in a vertical settler. The equations used to calculate the vertical settler take into account the most significant physical factors affecting efficiency of the settler. For numerical integration of the modeling impurity transfer equation in the water treatment plant, difference splitting schemes are used. The numerical solution of the equation describing the process of pollutant movement in a vertical settler is based on splitting this equation into the equation of a more simplified structure. For numerical integration of the modeling equations of the inviscid fluid flow, implicit difference splitting schemes are used. Numerical calculation is performed on a rectangular difference grid. Findings. On the basis of the developed numerical models, a package of application programs was created. This package allows quick determining the settler efficiency using a computational experiment. The results of a computational experiment to determine the efficiency of the settler with two plates are presented. Originality. The developed mathematical models make it possible to determine the velocity field and the impurity transfer process, taking into account the geometric shape of the settler and the use of plates, which affect the flow hydrodynamics in the water treatment plant, and therefore the efficiency of water treatment. Practical value. The calculation time for one version of the task based on the constructed mathematical models is several seconds. The models can be used to obtain an expert assessment of the operation of water treatment plants that are being designed