Neutrinos from Fallback onto Newly Formed Neutron Stars

In the standard supernova picture, type Ib/c and type II supernovae are powered by the potential energy released in the collapse of the core of a massive star. In studying supernovae, we primarily focus on the ejecta that makes it beyond the potential well of the collapsed core. But, as we shall show in this paper, in most supernova explosions, a tenth of a solar mass or more of the ejecta is decelerated enough that it does not escape the potential well of that compact object. This material falls back onto the proto-neutron star within the first 10-15 seconds after the launch of the explosion, releasing more than 1e52erg of additional potential energy. Most of this energy is emitted in the form of neutrinos and we must understand this fallback neutrino emission if we are to use neutrino observations to study the behavior of matter at high densities. Here we present both a 1-dimensional study of fallback using energy-injected, supernova explosions and a first study of neutrino emission from fallback using a suite of 2-dimensional simulations.Comment: 30 pages (including 10 figures), submitted to ApJ, comments welcom

Monopole condensation in the ground state of gauge theories: a disorder parameter

We construct a disorder parameter for dual superconductivity of the ground state of $U(1)$ gauge theory.Comment: 3 pages, contribution to the Lattice '94 conference, shell archive containing uuencoded LATEX file + 2 figure

Responder analysis of a randomized comparison of the 13.3 mg/24 h and 9.5 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch

INTRODUCTION: OPtimizing Transdermal Exelon In Mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (OPTIMA) was a randomized, double-blind comparison of 13.3 mg/24 h versus 9.5 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease who declined despite open-label treatment with 9.5 mg/24 h patch. Over 48 weeks of double-blind treatment, high-dose patch produced greater functional and cognitive benefits compared with 9.5 mg/24 h patch. METHODS: Using OPTIMA data, a post-hoc responder analysis was performed to firstly, compare the proportion of patients demonstrating improvement or absence of decline with 13.3 mg/24 h versus 9.5 mg/24 h patch; and secondly, identify predictors of improvement or absence of decline. ‘Improvers’ were patients who improved on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) by ≥4 points from baseline, and did not decline on the instrumental domain of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study–Activities of Daily Living scale (ADCS-IADL). ‘Non-decliners’ were patients who did not decline on either scale. RESULTS: Overall, 265 patients randomized to 13.3 mg/24 h and 271 to 9.5 mg/24 h patch met the criteria for inclusion in the intention-to-treat population and were included in the analyses. Significantly more patients were ‘improvers’ with 13.3 mg/24 h compared with 9.5 mg/24 h patch at Weeks 24 (44 (16.6%) versus 19 (7.0%); P < 0.001) and 48 (21 (7.9%) versus 10 (3.7%); P = 0.023). A significantly greater proportion of patients were ‘non-decliners’ with 13.3 mg/24 h compared with 9.5 mg/24 h patch at Week 24 (71 (26.8%) versus 44 (16.2%); P = 0.002). At Week 48, there was a trend in favor of 13.3 mg/24 h patch. Functional and cognitive assessment scores at double-blind baseline did not consistently predict effects at Weeks 24 or 48. CONCLUSION: More patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease who are titrated to 13.3 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch at time of decline are ‘improvers’ or ‘non-decliners’ i.e. show responses on cognition and activities of daily living compared with patients remaining on 9.5 mg/24 h patch. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00506415; registered July 20, 2007. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-014-0088-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Thermodynamic properties of a classical d-dimensional spin-S Heisenberg ferromagnet with long-range interactions via the spectral density method

The thermodynamic properties of a classical d-dimensional spin-S Heisenberg ferromagnet, with long-range interactions decaying as $r^{-p}$ and in the presence of an external magnetic field, is investigated by means of the spectral density method in the framework of classical statistical mechanics. We find that long-range order exists at finite temperature for $d<p<2d$ with $d\leq 2$ and for $p>d$ with $d>2$, consistently with known theorems. Besides, the related critical temperature is determined and a study of the critical properties is performed.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figures, Submitted to Physica

The Critical Behaviour of Potts models with symmetry breaking fields

The $Q$-state Potts model in two dimensions in the presence of external magnetic fields is studied. For general $Q\geq3$ special choices of these magnetic fields produce effective models with smaller $Z(Q')$ symmetry $(Q'< Q)$. The phase diagram of these models and their critical behaviour are explored by conventional finite-size scaling and conformal invariance. The possibility of multicritical behavior, for finite values of the symmetry breaking fields, in the cases where $Q>4$ is also analysed. Our results indicate that for effective models with $Z(Q')$ symmetry $(Q'\leq4)$ the multicritical point occurs at zero field. This last result is also corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: 15 pages (standart LaTex), 2 figure (PostScript) available by request to [email protected]

Resonant Tunneling Between Quantum Hall Edge States

Resonant tunneling between fractional quantum Hall edge states is studied in the Luttinger liquid picture. For the Laughlin parent states, the resonance line shape is a universal function whose width scales to zero at zero temperature. Extensive quantum Monte Carlo simulations are presented for $\nu = 1/3$ which confirm this picture and provide a parameter-free prediction for the line shape.Comment: 14 pages , revtex , IUCM93-00

Oblique Confinement and Phase Transitions in Chern-Simons Gauge Theories

We investigate non-perturbative features of a planar Chern-Simons gauge theory modeling the long distance physics of quantum Hall systems, including a finite gap M for excitations. By formulating the model on a lattice, we identify the relevant topological configurations and their interactions. For M bigger than a critical value, the model exhibits an oblique confinement phase, which we identify with Lauglin's incompressible quantum fluid. For M smaller than the critical value, we obtain a phase transition to a Coulomb phase or a confinement phase, depending on the value of the electromagnetic coupling.Comment: 8 pages, harvmac, DFUPG 91/94 and MPI-PhT/94-9

Flow equations for QED in the light front dynamics

The method of flow equations is applied to QED on the light front. Requiring that the partical number conserving terms in the Hamiltonian are considered to be diagonal and the other terms off-diagonal an effective Hamiltonian is obtained which reduces the positronium problem to a two-particle problem, since the particle number violating contributions are eliminated. No infrared divergencies appear. The ultraviolet renormalization can be performed simultaneously.Comment: 15 pages, Latex, 3 pictures, Submitted to Phys.Rev.

Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, 48-week study for efficacy and safety of a higher-dose rivastigmine patch (15 vs. 10 cm(2)) in Alzheimer’s disease

Aim: Determine whether patients with Alzheimer’s disease demonstrating functional and cognitive decline, following 24-48 weeks of open-label treatment with 9.5 mg/24 h (10 cm(2)) rivastigmine patch, benefit from a dose increase in a double-blind (DB) comparative trial of two patch doses. Methods: Patients meeting prespecified decline criteria were randomized to receive 9.5 or 13.3 mg/24 h (15 cm(2)) patch during a 48-week, DB phase. Coprimary outcomes were change from baseline to week 48 on the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living domain of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-IADL) scale and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog). Safety and tolerability were assessed. Results: Of 1,584 patients enrolled, 567 met decline criteria and were randomized. At all timepoints, ADCS-IADL and ADAS-cog scores favoured the 13.3 mg/24 h patch. The 13.3 mg/24 h patch was statistically superior to the 9.5 mg/24 h patch on the ADCS-IADL scale from week 16 (p = 0.025) onwards including week 48 (p = 0.002), and ADAScog at week 24 (p = 0.027), but not at week 48 (p = 0.227). No unexpected safety concerns were observed. Conclusions: The 13.3 mg/24 h rivastigmine patch significantly reduced deterioration in IADL, compared with the 9.5 mg/24 h patch, and was well tolerated. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Base