Surface constraints on the depth of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: Southern Ocean versus North Atlantic

Paleoclimate proxy evidence suggests that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) was about 1000 m shallower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the present. Yet it remains unresolved what caused this glacial shoaling of the AMOC, and many climate models instead simulate a deeper AMOC under LGM forcing. While some studies suggest that Southern Ocean surface buoyancy forcing controls the AMOC depth, others have suggested alternatively that North Atlantic surface forcing or interior diabatic mixing plays the dominant role. To investigate the key processes that set the AMOC depth, here we carry out a number of MITgcm ocean-only simulations with surface forcing fields specified from the simulation results of three coupled climate models that span much of the range of glacial AMOC depth changes in phase 3 of the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). We find that the MITgcm simulations successfully reproduce the changes in AMOC depth between glacial and modern conditions simulated in these three PMIP3 models. By varying the restoring time scale in the surface forcing, we show that the AMOC depth is more strongly constrained by the surface density field than the surface buoyancy flux field. Based on these results, we propose a mechanism by which the surface density fields in the high latitudes of both hemispheres are connected to the AMOC depth. We illustrate the mechanism using MITgcm simulations with idealized surface forcing perturbations as well as an idealized conceptual geometric model. These results suggest that the AMOC depth is largely determined by the surface density fields in both the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean

Player-Coach Perceptions of Internal Load, Exertion, and Recovery in Collegiate Male Soccer Players

Periodization of athlete training load to improve performance and maximize recovery, while reducing injuries and overtraining, is essential in team sports. Understanding internal load responses and monitoring athlete exertion and recovery can help coaches during a competitive season. Recovery Status (PRS) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) are two subjective scales used to help quantify training load and recovery. These scales are more useful if there is an agreement between coaches (C) and players (P) assessment of intensity and recovery. PURPOSE: To assess subjective measures (PRS and RPE scores) from P and C during a 13-week competitive soccer season. Furthermore, this study evaluated the relationship between P RPE and average practice heart rate (HR). METHODS: PRS scores prior to, and RPE scores after, practice were collected on 26 Division I male soccer P and 4 C. HR monitors were worn by P each practice and HR was averaged for the session. C were instructed to provide answers to PRS and RPE as to how P felt. Due to the categorical nature of the data, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Tests were run comparing P to C data for each week (1-13). Spearman rank-order correlations were run comparing P RPE and average HR. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between P and C reported PRS (U = 59175.5, p = 0.03, r = 0.07), but no differences for RPE (U = 29153.5, p = 0.52) across the 13-week season. When separated by week, only Week 6 was significant for PRS and RPE (U = 305, p \u3c 0.01, ES = 0.26; U = 112, p = 0.02, ES = 0.22, respectively). A significant, strong, positive correlation (r =0.53, pCONCLUSION: P and C mostly agreed on intensity of training and recovery throughout the season. HR and P reported RPE were significantly correlated indicating harder practices resulted in higher HR. The agreement between P and C indicate that these scales may be a successful and valid tool in helping to monitor training load during a competitive season

Building Connections to the Minute Man National Historic Park: Greenway Planning and Cultural Landscape Design

The Minute Man National Historic Park (NHP) in Massachusetts commemorates the Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775) that began the American Revolution. The National Park created in 1959 seeks to interpret the battle and restore the agricultural landscapes of the revolutionary period. The Park is situated within the larger Freedom’s Way National Heritage Area (FWNHA) that was designated in 2009 to preserve the extensive historic cultural resources of the region, including such gems as Thoreau’s Walden Pond. Unfortunately, the Minute Man NHP is divided into four units and bisected by a busy state highway that makes wayfinding challenging for visitors. Moreover, the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed the Minute Man NHP “as one of America’s most endangered Places” (NTHP, 2003) due to the impacts of surrounding traffic, noise, and incompatible developments. There are several existing and proposed projects including the Battle Road Trail, Minute Man Bike Trail and Scenic Byway that have the potential to link the Park’s resources, but key connections are missing to create a coherent network. To address these challenges, this project, a partnership between the US National Park Service, FWNHA, and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst uses greenways as an organizing element to improve pedestrian and bike connections from the Park to the many nearby historic, cultural, and recreation resources, while providing visitors an alternative to touring the park by car. An undergraduate landscape architecture studio under the direction of the authors developed a greenway plan for the surrounding area with regional connections, as well as designed key sites and corridors along this greenway network that act as gateways and nodes for cultural and historical interpretation. This project exemplifies the challenges of historic and cultural planning within a developed suburban setting where local and regional recreation demands put pressure on historic landscapes. In addition, the fact that several key sites are outside the jurisdiction of the National Park in municipal, non-profit, or private ownership exemplifies the need for collaborative planning efforts. Finally, the project shows the management issues that continue after designation of historic corridors

Using Systematic Observations to Understand Conditions that Promote Interracial Experiences in Neighbourhood Parks

We analysed observations from 31 neighbourhood parks, with each park mapped into smaller target areas for study, across five US cities generated using the System for Observing Play and Recreation in the Community (SOPARC). In areas where at least two people were observed, less than one-third (31.6%) were populated with at least one white and one non-white person. Park areas that were supervised, had one or more people engaged in vigorous activity, had at least one male and one female present, and had one or more teens present were significantly more likely to involve interracial groups (p \u3c 0.01 for each association). Observations in parks located in interracial neighbourhoods were also more likely to involve interracial groups (p \u3c 0.05). Neighbourhood poverty rate had a significant and negative relationship with the presence of interracial groups, particularly in neighbourhoods that are predominantly non-white. Additional research is needed to confirm the impact of these interactions. Urban planning and public health practitioners should consider the health benefits of interracial contact in the design and programming of neighbourhood parks

‘Stick that knife in me’: Shane Meadows’ children

This article brings Shane Meadows’ Dead Man's Shoes (2004) into dialogue with the history of the depiction of the child on film. Exploring Meadows’ work for its complex investment in the figure of the child on screen, it traces the limits of the liberal ideology of the child in his cinema and the structures of feeling mobilised by its uses – at once aesthetic and sociological – of technologies of vision

An interacting spin flip model for one-dimensional proton conduction

A discrete asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP) is developed to model proton conduction along one-dimensional water wires. Each lattice site represents a water molecule that can be in only one of three states; protonated, left-pointing, and right-pointing. Only a right(left)-pointing water can accept a proton from its left(right). Results of asymptotic mean field analysis and Monte-Carlo simulations for the three-species, open boundary exclusion model are presented and compared. The mean field results for the steady-state proton current suggest a number of regimes analogous to the low and maximal current phases found in the single species ASEP [B. Derrida, Physics Reports, {\bf 301}, 65-83, (1998)]. We find that the mean field results are accurate (compared with lattice Monte-Carlo simulations) only in the certain regimes. Refinements and extensions including more elaborate forces and pore defects are also discussed.Comment: 13pp, 6 fig

Adapting to Expanding and Contracting Cities, Book of Abstracts, 6th Fabos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning, March 28-30, 2019, Amherst, MA.

The Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning is held every three years to bring together experts who are influencing landscape planning, policy making and greenway planning from the local to international level. It is intended to highlight recent trends and expand the literature about landscape and greenway planning. The aim is to explore how landscape architects and planners from different countries have approached greenway planning and to understand how greenways have been tailored to each county’s unique geographical, cultural, and political circumstances. The theme for the 2019 conference, Urban Greenway Planning: Adapting to Expanding and Contracting Cities, explores the social and ecological potential of linear green spaces in urban areas that are experiencing decline or those that are booming. We look to understand the variety of ways in which urban greenways are conceived, designed, built, used, and maintained in cities across the globe in response to economic and demographic trends

Holomorphic mappings from the ball and polydisc

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46216/1/208_2005_Article_BF01351851.pd

Infrared temperature sounding - S-043 Final report, 1 Jul. 1967 - 31 Aug. 1969

Balloon-borne multidetector infrared grating spectrometer to measure earths radiance for atmospheric temperature profile determination