The Multiwavelength Survey By Yale-Chile (MUSYC) Wide K-Band Imaging, Photometric Catalogs, Clustering, And Physical Properties Of Galaxies At Z Similar To 2

We present K-band imaging of two similar to 30' x 30' fields covered by the Multiwavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC) Wide NIR Survey. The SDSS 1030+05 and Cast 1255 fields were imaged with the Infrared Side Port Imager (ISPI) on the 4 m Blanco telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) to a 5 sigma point-source limiting depth of K similar to 20 (Vega). Combining these data with the MUSYC optical UBVRIz imaging, we created multiband K-selected source catalogs for both fields. These catalogs, together with the MUSYC K-band catalog of the Extended Chandra Deep Field South (ECDF-S) field, were used to select K 20 BzK galaxies over an area of 0.71 deg(2). This is the largest area ever surveyed for BzK galaxies. We present number counts, redshift distributions, and stellar masses for our sample of 3261 BzK galaxies (2502 star-forming [sBzK] and 759 passively evolving [pBzK]), as well as reddening and star formation rate estimates for the star-forming BzK systems. We also present two-point angular correlation functions and spatial correlation lengths for both sBzK and pBzK galaxies and show that previous estimates of the correlation function of these galaxies were affected by cosmic variance due to the small areas surveyed. We have measured correlation lengths r(0) of 8.89 +/- 2.03 and 10.82 +/- 1.72 Mpc for sBzK and pBzK galaxies, respectively. This is the first reported measurement of the spatial correlation function of passive BzK galaxies. In the Lambda CDM scenario of galaxy formation, these correlation lengths at z similar to 2 translate into minimum masses of similar to 4 x 10(12) and similar to 9 x 10(12) M(circle dot) for the dark matter halos hosting sBzK and pBzK galaxies, respectively. The clustering properties of the galaxies in our sample are consistent with their being the descendants of bright Lyman break galaxies at z similar to 3, and the progenitors of present-day > 1L* galaxies.Astronom

Compressible Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin-glass model

We introduce a Sherrington-Kirkpatrick spin-glass model with the addition of elastic degrees of freedom. The problem is formulated in terms of an effective four-spin Hamiltonian in the pressure ensemble, which can be treated by the replica method. In the replica-symmetric approximation, we analyze the pressure-temperature phase diagram, and obtain expressions for the critical boundaries between the disordered and the ordered (spin-glass and ferromagnetic) phases. The second-order para-ferromagnetic border ends at a tricritical point, beyond which the transition becomes discontinuous. We use these results to make contact with the temperature-concentration phase diagrams of mixtures of hydrogen-bonded crystals.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures; added references, added conten

Differences in the transduction of canonical wnt signals demarcate effector and memory CD8 T cells with distinct recall proliferation capacity.

Protection against reinfection is mediated by Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells, which display stem cell-like function. Because canonical Wnt (Wingless/Int1) signals critically regulate renewal versus differentiation of adult stem cells, we evaluated Wnt signal transduction in CD8 T cells during an immune response to acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Whereas naive CD8 T cells efficiently transduced Wnt signals, at the peak of the primary response to infection only a fraction of effector T cells retained signal transduction and the majority displayed strongly reduced Wnt activity. Reduced Wnt signaling was in part due to the downregulation of Tcf-1, one of the nuclear effectors of the pathway, and coincided with progress toward terminal differentiation. However, the correlation between low and high Wnt levels with short-lived and memory precursor effector cells, respectively, was incomplete. Adoptive transfer studies showed that low and high Wnt signaling did not influence cell survival but that Wnt high effectors yielded memory cells with enhanced proliferative potential and stronger protective capacity. Likewise, following adoptive transfer and rechallenge, memory cells with high Wnt levels displayed increased recall expansion, compared with memory cells with low Wnt signaling, which were preferentially effector-like memory cells, including tissue-resident memory cells. Thus, canonical Wnt signaling identifies CD8 T cells with enhanced proliferative potential in part independent of commonly used cell surface markers to discriminate effector and memory T cell subpopulations. Interventions that maintain Wnt signaling may thus improve the formation of functional CD8 T cell memory during vaccination

Sucrose breakdown within guard cells provides substrates for glycolysis and glutamine biosynthesis during light- induced stomatal opening

Sucrose has long been thought to play an osmolytic role in stomatal opening. However, recent evidence supports the idea that the role of sucrose in this process is primarily energetic. Here we used a combination of stomatal aperture assays and kinetic [U- 13 C]-sucrose isotope labelling experiments to confirm that sucrose is degraded during light-induced stomatal opening and to define the fate of the C released from sucrose breakdown. We additionally show that addition of sucrose to the medium did not enhance light- induced stomatal opening. The isotope experiment showed a consistent 13 C enrichment in fructose and glu- cose, indicating that during light-induced stomatal opening sucrose is indeed degraded. We also observed a clear 13 C enrichment in glutamate and glutamine (Gln), suggesting a concerted activation of sucrose degra- dation, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This is in contrast to the situation for Gln biosynthesis in leaves under light, which has been demonstrated to rely on previously stored C. Our results thus collectively allow us to redraw current models concerning the influence of sucrose during light-induced stomatal open- ing, in which, instead of being accumulated, sucrose is degraded providing C skeletons for Gln biosynthesis

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO PANICUM MAXIMUM PARA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL DE 2º GERAÇÃO

O Panicum Maximum cv. Colonião (capim-colonião), é considerado em meio a cultura de cana-de-açúcar uma planta daninha devido a concorrência pelos recursos do meio, principalmente água, luz e nutrientes, liberando substâncias alelopáticas, atuando como hospedeiro de pragas e doenças comuns à cultura e interferindo nas práticas de colheita. Sem alto valor agregado e podendo diminuir o uso de herbicidas pensou-se na produção de etanol a partir do Panicum. O objetivo desde projeto perfaz toda a cadeia sucroalcooleira de produção de etanol, desde o plantio e cultivo do Panicum, passando pela rota processual de produção de etanol de 1ª ou 2ª geração até a avaliação dos parâmetros físico-químicos do etanol, como controle de qualidade do produto acabado. Até o  momento realizou-se as seguintes etapas: plantio do Panicum e testou-se com amostras do mesmo colhido na cidade de Matão a produção de etanol de 1° geração. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Produção de etanol, 1° Geração, 2° Geração, Capim colonião.

Aplicación del modelamiento de distribución de Bradypus variegatus, para la conservación del nicho ecológico

En la gestión de territorio, los modelamientos de distribución de especies interpretados y aplicados de una manera correcta pueden ser útiles como una herramienta para la gestión de la biodiversidad. Se realizaron modelos ecológicos de Bradypus variegatus con el fin de determinar las áreas potenciales su distribución. Se aplicaron cuatro algoritmos para el modelamiento ecológico: Máxima Entropía, regresión logística, distancias de Gower y Bioclimático, los cuales establecieron sus respectivas áreas de distribución; estos algoritmos fueron sometidos a una evaluación mediante la prueba estadística AUC la cual estableció a Maxent como el modelo más preciso (0,96). Utilizando este modelo como base, se realizó una síntesis cartográfica con el mapa de uso de suelo y áreas protegidas del Ecuador para determinar las amenazas principales que afectarían a esta especie, además, se determinaron áreas potenciales para su conservación, ejemplos de estas áreas son: corredores ecológicos y zonas de cobertura vegetal dentro de áreas protegidas. Se determinó que la principal amenaza es la dinámica del uso del suelo, principalmente el cambio de cobertura vegetal natural a pasto, arroz y arboricultura tropical. Por las interacciones ecológicas del perezoso, se debería considerar el pronunciar a este taxón como especie paraguas y aprovecharla como instrumento para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Palabras clave.- Modelo de distribución de especies, Maxent, oso peresozo de tres dedos, uso del suelo