2,436 research outputs found
Interpolating discrete advection-diffusion propagators at Leja sequences
We propose and analyze the ReLPM (Real Leja Points Method) for evaluating the propagator phi(DeltatB)nu via matrix interpolation polynomials at spectral Leja sequences. Here B is the large, sparse, nonsymmetric matrix arising from stable 2D or 3D finite-difference discretization of linear advection-diffusion equations, and phi(z) is the entire function phi(z) = (e(z) - 1)/z. The corresponding stiff differential system y(t) = By(t) + g,y(0) =y(0), is solved by the exact time marching scheme y(i+1) = y(i) + Deltat(i)phi(Deltat(i)B)(By(i) + g), i = 0, 1,..., where the time-step is controlled simply via the variation percentage of the solution, and can be large. Numerical tests show substantial speed-ups (up to one order of magnitude) with respect to a classical variable step-size Crank-Nicolson solve
The Effect of Race/Ethnicity on the Age of Colon Cancer Diagnosis
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Notably, racial/ethnic disparities exist in both incidence and mortality.
PURPOSE: The aim of this case study was to investigate the impact of race/ethnicity on age at diagnosis of colorectal cancer in a defined population in Suffolk County, NY.
METHODS: Data were retrospectively collected on race/ethnicity, health insurance status, age at diagnosis, stage at diagnosis, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, tumor location, and body mass index for colorectal cancer patients with medical records in the Stony Brook University Medical Center database (2005-2011). Population-based data on Hispanic and non-Hispanic Whites were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry of New York State for an overlapping time period. Permutation-based ANCOVA and logistic regression with stepwise variable selection were conducted to identify covariates and first-order interactions associated with younger age at diagnosis and cancer stage as a dependent categorical variable. RESULTS: Of 328 colorectal cancer patients, Hispanics were diagnosed at a median younger age of 57y vs. 67y than non-Hispanic Whites (FDR = 0.001). Twenty-six percent of Hispanics were diagnosed with colorectal cancer prior to the recommended age (50y) for colorectal cancer surveillance compared to 11% of non-Hispanic Whites (FDR =0.007). Analysis of New York State registry data corroborated our findings that Hispanic colorectal cancer patients were diagnosed at a median younger age than non-Hispanic Whites. Permutation-based ANCOVA identified race/ethnicity and health insurance as significantly associated with age of diagnosis (P=0.001). Logistic regression selected (younger) age at diagnosis as being significantly associated with stage IV disease. The limitations of the case study reside in the use of self-reporting of race and ethnicity and in the small sample sizes.
CONCLUSIONS: Hispanics may be at higher risk for colorectal cancer (y) and younger age at diagnosis is associated with advanced disease
Laparoscopic partial splenectomy.
BACKGROUND: The immunologic function of the spleen and its important role in immune defense has led to splenic-preserving surgery. This study aimed to evaluate whether laparoscopic partial splenectomy is safe.
METHODS: Data on consecutive patients presenting with localized benign or malignant disease of the spleen were included in a prospective database. The surgical technique consisted of six steps: patient positioning and trocar placement, mobilization of the spleen, vascular dissection, parenchymal resection, sealing/tamponading of the transected edge, and removal of the specimen.
RESULTS: From 1994 to 2005, 38 patients underwent laparoscopic partial splenectomy. The indications included splenomegaly of unknown origin, splenic cysts, benign tumors (hamartoma), and metastasis from ovarian carcinoma and schwannoma. The median operating time was 110 min (range, 65-148 min). The median length of hospital stay was 5 days (range, 4-7 days). There was no postoperative mortality. Postoperative pleural effusion occurred in two patients. There were no reoperations. Three patients required blood transfusions.
CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic partial splenectomy is safe for patients with localized benign or malignant disease of the spleen
Instrumental neutron activation analysis of an enriched 28Si single-crystal
The determination of the Avogadro constant plays a key role in the
redefinition of the kilogram in terms of a fundamental constant. The present
experiment makes use of a silicon single-crystal highly enriched in 28Si that
must have a total impurity mass fraction smaller than a few parts in 109. To
verify this requirement, we previously developed a relative analytical method
based on neutron activation for the elemental characterization of a sample of
the precursor natural silicon crystal WASO 04. The method is now extended to
fifty-nine elements and applied to a monoisotopic 28Si single-crystal that was
grown to test the achievable enrichment. Since this crystal was likely
contaminated, this measurement tested also the detection capabilities of the
analysis. The results quantified contaminations by Ge, Ga, As, Tm, Lu, Ta, W
and Ir and, for a number of the detectable elements, demonstrated that we can
already reach the targeted 1 ng/g detection limit.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure, 1 tabl
A multi-layer edge-on single photon counting silicon microstrip detector for innovative techniques in diagnostic radiology
A three-layer detector prototype, obtained by stacking three edge-on single photon counting silicon microstrip detectors, has been developed and widely tested. This was done in the framework of the Synchrotron Radiation for Medical Physics/Frontier Radiology (SYRMEP/FRONTRAD) collaboration activities, whose aim is to improve the quality of mammographic examinations operating both on the source and on the detector side. The active surface of the device has been fully characterized making use of an edge-scanning technique and of a well-collimated laminar synchrotron radiation beam. The obtained data (interlayer distances, channel correspondence, etc.) have then been used to combine information coming from each detector layer, without causing any loss in spatial and contrast resolution of the device. Contrast and spatial resolution have also been separately evaluated for each detector layer. Moreover, imaging techniques (phase contrast, refraction, and scatter imaging), resulting in an increased visibility of low absorbing details, have been implemented, and their effectiveness has been tested on a biological sample. Finally, the possibility of simultaneously acquiring different kind of images with the different detector layers is discussed. This would result in maximizing the information extracted from the sample, while at the same time the high absorption efficiency of the detector device would allow a low dose delivery
Relação entre o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido e a maturidade de sementes de milho
The relationship of black layer and milk line development on maize seed maturity was evaluated under tropical conditions. Seed moisture (g.kg-1), standard germination - SG (7 days, 25°C), and vigor, using accelerated aging-AA (96 hours, 42°C and 100% of RH), cold test-CT only in 1991/92 (7 days at 10°C and 7 days at 25°C) and electrical conductivity-EC (four 50-seed samples, 24 hours imbibition at 25°C) and milk line and black layer formation (using a five-stage rating system) were determined at 3 to 4 days intervals, using two genotypes (hybrid CX 133 and variety IAC 100) during the crop seasons of 1990/91 and 1991/92. The results showed that physiological maturity was reached before stage 4, based on seed germination and vigor (AA and CT) values, which occurred before that stage and presented the lowest values of EC. On the other hand, moisture content levels of 300 to 350 g.kg-1 were reached only at stage 4. The milk line ratings proved useful in predicting physiological maturity as well as the harvest maturity.A relação entre o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido e a maturidade fisiológica de sementes de milho foi estudada durante dois anos agrÃcolas (1990/91 e 1991/92). Para atingir os objetivos do trabalho, avaliou-se o grau de umidade, a germinação, o vigor (envelhecimento acelerado, teste frio e condutividade elétrica) e o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido para dois genótipos (CX 133 e IAC 100). Com base nos resultados de germinação e vigor das sementes verificou-se que a maturidade fisiológica foi alcançada antes do estádio 4. Por outro lado, graus de umidade de 30 a 35% foram alcançados somente no estádio de desenvolvimento 4. A linha de transformação em amido provou ser um instrumento útil para predizer a maturidade fisiológica e de colheita para sementes de milho
A massively parallel exponential integrator for advection-diffusion models
This work considers the Real Leja Points Method (ReLPM) for the exponential integration of large-scale sparse systems of ODEs, generated by Finite Element or Finite Difference discretizations of 3-D advection-diffusion models. We present an efficient parallel implementation of ReLPM for polynomial interpolation of the matrix exponential propagators. A scalability analysis of the most important computational kernel inside the code, the parallel sparse matrix\u2013vector product, has been performed, as well as an experimental study of the communication overhead. As a result of this study an optimized parallel sparse matrix\u2013vector product routine has been implemented. The resulting code shows good scaling behavior even when using more than one thousand processors. The numerical results presented on a number of very large test cases gives experimental evidence that ReLPM is a reliable and efficient tool for the simulation of complex hydrodynamic processes on parallel architectures
Parallel Matrix-free polynomial preconditioners with application to flow simulations in discrete fracture networks
We develop a robust matrix-free, communication avoiding parallel, high-degree
polynomial preconditioner for the Conjugate Gradient method for large and
sparse symmetric positive definite linear systems. We discuss the selection of
a scaling parameter aimed at avoiding unwanted clustering of eigenvalues of the
preconditioned matrices at the extrema of the spectrum. We use this
preconditioned framework to solve a block system arising in the
simulation of fluid flow in large-size discrete fractured networks. We apply
our polynomial preconditioner to a suitable Schur complement related with this
system, which can not be explicitly computed because of its size and density.
Numerical results confirm the excellent properties of the proposed
preconditioner up to very high polynomial degrees. The parallel implementation
achieves satisfactory scalability by taking advantage from the reduced number
of scalar products and hence of global communications
Robust Dropping Criteria for F-norm Minimization Based Sparse Approximate Inverse Preconditioning
Dropping tolerance criteria play a central role in Sparse Approximate Inverse
preconditioning. Such criteria have received, however, little attention and
have been treated heuristically in the following manner: If the size of an
entry is below some empirically small positive quantity, then it is set to
zero. The meaning of "small" is vague and has not been considered rigorously.
It has not been clear how dropping tolerances affect the quality and
effectiveness of a preconditioner . In this paper, we focus on the adaptive
Power Sparse Approximate Inverse algorithm and establish a mathematical theory
on robust selection criteria for dropping tolerances. Using the theory, we
derive an adaptive dropping criterion that is used to drop entries of small
magnitude dynamically during the setup process of . The proposed criterion
enables us to make both as sparse as possible as well as to be of
comparable quality to the potentially denser matrix which is obtained without
dropping. As a byproduct, the theory applies to static F-norm minimization
based preconditioning procedures, and a similar dropping criterion is given
that can be used to sparsify a matrix after it has been computed by a static
sparse approximate inverse procedure. In contrast to the adaptive procedure,
dropping in the static procedure does not reduce the setup time of the matrix
but makes the application of the sparser for Krylov iterations cheaper.
Numerical experiments reported confirm the theory and illustrate the robustness
and effectiveness of the dropping criteria.Comment: 27 pages, 2 figure
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