Effect of sieving on ex-situ soil respiration of soils from three land use types

This study aims to investigate the effect of sieving on ex situ soil respiration (CO2 flux) measurements from different land use types. We collected soils (0–10 cm) from arable, grassland and woodland sites, allocated them to either sieved (4-mm mesh, freshly sieved) or intact core treatments and incubated them in gas-tight jars for 40 days at 10 °C. Headspace gas was collected on days 1, 3, 17, 24, 31 and 38 and CO2 analysed. Our results showed that sieving (4 mm) did not significantly influence soil respiration measurements, probably because micro aggregates (< 0.25 mm) remain intact after sieving. However, soils collected from grassland soil released more CO2 compared with those collected from woodland and arable soils, irrespective of sieving treatments. The higher CO2 from grassland soil compared with woodland and arable soils was attributed to the differences in the water holding capacity and the quantity and stoichiometry of the organic matter between the three soils. We conclude that soils sieved prior to ex situ respiration experiments provide realistic respiration measurements. This finding lends support to soil scientists planning a sampling strategy that better represents the inhomogeneity of field conditions by pooling, homogenising and sieving samples, without fear of obtaining unrepresentative CO2 flux measurements caused by the disruption of soil architecture

3DIP: An iterative partitioning tool for monolithic 3D IC

Conference of 2016 IEEE International 3D Systems Integration Conference, 3DIC 2016 ; Conference Date: 8 November 2016 Through 11 November 2016; Conference Code:129057International audienceCoolCubeTM is a monolithic 3D (M3D) technology offering a vertical density of integration 20 times higher than face to face copper hybrid bonding (F2F Cu-Cu), thanks to ultra-thin Monolithic Inter-tier Vias (MIVs). In this work, we propose a new partitioning tool exploiting this characteristic for 2-tier Cell-on-Cell ICs before placement. It is based on a fast and iterative algorithm that explores the space of solutions and minimizes the estimated cost of wires with balanced area between tiers without limiting the number of MIVs. A mathematical formulation of the 3D partitioning problem and a comprehensive framework, based on simulated annealing (SA) algorithm coupled with a dedicated cost function, are detailed and compared with Min-Cut (MC) partitions commonly used. It appears that our solution can decrease the estimated total cost of wires by 41% and 45% for the LDPC and FFT/AES units. It also reduces the total cost of wires by 30% to 44% compared to the MC algorithm for the same units and with no significant increase in runtime

Effects of four organic amendments on banana parasitic nematodes and soil nematode communities

Plant-parasitic nematodes are injurious crop pests that have been managed mainly by chemical nematicides. However, safe and alternative methods such as those based on organic materials need to be developed. Our study has evaluated (i) the effects of four organic amendments with different biochemical compositions that are abundantly produced in the study area (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) on soil nematode communities and (ii) some of the suppression mechanisms of banana parasitic nematodes, especially those involving the soil food web. This study is based on a microcosm experiment comparing sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane sludge, plant residues and sewage sludge. All amendments except sewage sludge decreased the root abundances of plant-parasitic nematodes, by 96% in the case of sugarcane bagasse. For this treatment, soil densities of carnivorous nematodes were six times higher than the treatments without organic amendment. Plant residues and bagasse were mainly composed of materials that are difficult to decompose, namely cellulose and lignins. These organic materials favored a fungal decomposition pathway and permitted development of carnivorous nematode populations and increased the Channel Index (CI). Pratylenchus coffeae control after sugarcane refinery sludge application remains unexplained. Lastly, sewage sludge, composed mainly of easily degradable compounds, did not permit nematode control, and only bacterivorous nematode populations were enhanced by this treatment

"The principles of rational agriculture" by Albrecht Daniel Thaer (1752-1828). An approach to the sustainability of cropping systems at the beginning of the 19th century

International audienceThe identification of quantitative fertility indicators for evaluating the sustainability of cropping and farming systems has become a major issue. This question has been extensively studied by the German agronomist Albrecht Daniel Thaer at the beginning of the 19(th) century. In this paper Thaer's work is set in its historical background, from the end of the 16(th) century (Palissy, 1580) to the middle of the 19(th) century (Liebig, 1840). Then the paper focuses on Thaer's quantitative and complex fertility scale (expressed in "fertility degrees"), which was based on soil properties, on the requirement of nutrients by plants, and on the cropping system (including crop rotation). Thaer expressed soil fertility and economic results as a function of rye production in "scheffel of rye per journal" (ca. 200 kg per hectare). He also proposed a scale to describe the intrinsic fertility of soil. Thaer used this approach to assess the effect of major German cropping systems on soil fertility. He applied it to eight theoretical systems and nine existing systems in a true modeling approach. Thaer completed the fertility evaluation for the nine existing systems with a detailed economical analysis commenting the limits and potentialities of each system. Thaer's approach was used with success during half a century as it combined numerous empirical findings on soils and fertilization with organic substances in a sophisticated model. Unfortunately and despite effective practical applications, the scientific foundations of Thaer's "Humus Theory" proved definitively false as soon as 1840 when Sprengel and Liebig published on mineral nutrition of plants. Thaer's work deserves to be rediscovered since it approaches the modern issue of the sustainability of cropping and farming systems

Une agronomie clinique et territoriale pour accompagner la transition vers une économie circulaire autour de l’agriculture : mise à l’épreuve et enseignements du projet GABiR à La Réunion

International audienceAs circular economy (CE) emerges as a new economic and societal paradigm, the role of agricultural sector to increase circularity in territories is questioned. This questioning is all the more relevant inan insular context like Reunion Island, where food and energy autonomy are major challenges. From 2017 to 2020, a Research and Development project entitled GABIR (Gestion Agricole desBiomasses sur l’île de la Reunion) mobilized actors from Development, Educational Training and Research, including many agronomists from different disciplines, but also policy makers. Thisproject aimed to strengthen the inclusion of agricultural sector in the island's CE through a territorial approach of biomass flows valued or valuable in agriculture. Based on the projectexperience and achievements, a generic methodological framework, related to a clinical approach at territorial level and aiming to accompany CE transitions, including the agricultural sector, isproposed.Alors que l’économie circulaire (EC) comme nouveau paradigme économique et sociétal émerge, la place du secteur agricole dans les initiatives d’accroissement de la circularité dans les territoires est questionnée. Ce questionnement est d’autant plus pertinent dans un contexte insulaire comme celui de La Réunion, où les enjeux d’autonomie alimentaire et énergétique sont majeurs. De 2017 à 2020, un projet de Recherche et Développement intitulé GABiR (Gestion Agricole des Biomasses sur l’île de La Réunion) a mobilisé des acteurs issus du Développement, de la Formation et de la Recherche, dont de nombreux agronomes de diverses disciplines, mais également des décideurs politiques. Ce projet visait à renforcer l’inclusion du secteur agricole dans l’EC de l’île par une approche territoriale de la gestion des biomasses, valorisées ou valorisables en agriculture. Fort de cette expérience et des acquis du projet, un cadre méthodologique à visée générique relevant d’une démarche clinique à l’échelle territoriale et visant à accompagner la transition vers une EC incluant le secteur agricole est proposé. Mots clés : Bioéconomie circulaire, Approche territoriale, Île de La Réunion, Démarche Cliniqu

A 220GOPS 96-Core Processor with 6 Chiplets 3D-Stacked on an Active Interposer Offering 0.6ns/mm Latency, 3Tb/s/mm 2 Inter-Chiplet Interconnects and 156mW/mm 2 @ 82%-Peak-Efficiency DC-DC Converters

International audienceIn the context of high performance computing, the integration of more computing capabilities with generic cores or dedicated accelerators for AI application is raising more and more challenges. Due to the increasing costs of advanced nodes and the difficulties of shrinking analog and circuit IOs, alternative architecture solutions to single die are becoming mainstream. Chiplet-based systems using 3D technologies enable modular and scalable architecture and technology partitioning. Nevertheless, there are still limitations due to chiplet integration on passive interposers – silicon or organic. In this paper we present the first CMOS active interposer, integrating i) power management without any external components, ii) distributed interconnects enabling any chiplet-to-chiplet communication, iii) system infrastructure, Design-for-Test, and circuit IOs. The INTACT circuit prototype integrates 6 chiplets in FDSOI 28nm technology, which are 3D-stacked onto this active interposer in 65nm process, offering a total of 96 computing cores. Full scalability of the computing system is achieved using an innovative scalable cache coherent memory hierarchy, enabled by distributed Network-on-Chips, with 3Tbit/s/mm2 high bandwidth 3D-plug interfaces using 20μm pitch micro-bumps, 0.6ns/mm low latency asynchronous interconnects, while the 6 chiplets are locally power-supplied with 156mW/mm2@ 82%-peak-efficiency DC-DC converters through the active interposer. Thermal dissipation is studied showing the feasibility of such approach