Influence of Milk-Feeding Type and Genetic Risk of Developing Coeliac Disease on Intestinal Microbiota of Infants: The PROFICEL Study

Interactions between environmental factors and predisposing genes could be involved in the development of coeliac disease (CD). This study has assessed whether milk-feeding type and HLA-genotype influence the intestinal microbiota composition of infants with a family history of CD. The study included 164 healthy newborns, with at least one first-degree relative with CD, classified according to their HLA-DQ genotype by PCR-SSP DQB1 and DQA1 typing. Faecal microbiota was analysed by quantitative PCR at 7 days, and at 1 and 4 months of age. Significant interactions between milk-feeding type and HLA-DQ genotype on bacterial numbers were not detected by applying a linear mixed-model analysis for repeated measures. In the whole population, breast-feeding promoted colonization of C. leptum group, B. longum and B. breve, while formula-feeding promoted that of Bacteroides fragilis group, C. coccoides-E. rectale group, E. coli and B. lactis. Moreover, increased numbers of B. fragilis group and Staphylococcus spp., and reduced numbers of Bifidobacterium spp. and B. longum were detected in infants with increased genetic risk of developing CD. Analyses within subgroups of either breast-fed or formula-fed infants indicated that in both cases increased risk of CD was associated with lower numbers of B. longum and/or Bifidobacterium spp. In addition, in breast-fed infants the increased genetic risk of developing CD was associated with increased C. leptum group numbers, while in formula-fed infants it was associated with increased Staphylococcus and B. fragilis group numbers. Overall, milk-feeding type in conjunction with HLA-DQ genotype play a role in establishing infants' gut microbiota; moreover, breast-feeding reduced the genotype-related differences in microbiota composition, which could partly explain the protective role attributed to breast milk in this disorder

Private trade and monopoly structures : the East India Companies and the commodity trade to Europe in the eighteenth century

Our research is about the trade in material goods from Asia to Europe over this period, and its impact on Europe’s consumer and industrial cultures. It entails a comparative study of Europe’s East India Companies and the private trade from Asia over the period. The commodities trade was heavily dependent on private trade. The historiography to date has left a blind spot in this area, concentrating instead on corruption and malfeasance. Taking a global history approach we investigate the trade in specific consumer goods in many qualities and varieties that linked merchant communities and stimulated information flows. We set out how private trade functioned alongside and in connection with the various European East India companies; we investigate how this changed over time, how it drew on the Company infrastructure, and how it took the risks and developed new and niche markets for specific Asian commodities that the Companies could not sustain

Atlantic Leatherback Migratory Paths and Temporary Residence Areas

BACKGROUND: Sea turtles are long-distance migrants with considerable behavioural plasticity in terms of migratory patterns, habitat use and foraging sites within and among populations. However, for the most widely migrating turtle, the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea, studies combining data from individuals of different populations are uncommon. Such studies are however critical to better understand intra- and inter-population variability and take it into account in the implementation of conservation strategies of this critically endangered species. Here, we investigated the movements and diving behaviour of 16 Atlantic leatherback turtles from three different nesting sites and one foraging site during their post-breeding migration to assess the potential determinants of intra- and inter-population variability in migratory patterns. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using satellite-derived behavioural and oceanographic data, we show that turtles used Temporary Residence Areas (TRAs) distributed all around the Atlantic Ocean: 9 in the neritic domain and 13 in the oceanic domain. These TRAs did not share a common oceanographic determinant but on the contrary were associated with mesoscale surface oceanographic features of different types (i.e., altimetric features and/or surface chlorophyll a concentration). Conversely, turtles exhibited relatively similar horizontal and vertical behaviours when in TRAs (i.e., slow swimming velocity/sinuous path/shallow dives) suggesting foraging activity in these productive regions. Migratory paths and TRAs distribution showed interesting similarities with the trajectories of passive satellite-tracked drifters, suggesting that the general dispersion pattern of adults from the nesting sites may reflect the extent of passive dispersion initially experienced by hatchlings. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Intra- and inter-population behavioural variability may therefore be linked with initial hatchling drift scenarios and be highly influenced by environmental conditions. This high degree of behavioural plasticity in Atlantic leatherback turtles makes species-targeted conservation strategies challenging and stresses the need for a larger dataset (>100 individuals) for providing general recommendations in terms of conservation

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35 References HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV Page-3 Created: 8/8/1996 12:55 Review of Particle Physics: R.M. Barnett et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D54, 1 (1996) CP VIOLATION IN K 0 L DECAY (by L. Wolfenstein, Carnegie-Mellon University and T. Trippe, LBNL) Experimentally Measured Parameters CP violation has been observed in the semi-leptonic decays K 0 L ! ß \Upsilon ` \Sigma and in the nonleptonic decay K 0 L ! 2ß. The experimental numbers that have been measured are [1] ffi = \Gamma(K 0 L ! ß \Gamma ` + ) \Gamma \Gamma(K 0 L ! ß +

Integrated monitoring of risks for Seveso plants

Design documentation, safety and security analysis, environmental studies, studies on organizational factors, product characterization, etc., constitute the knowledge base each process plant, with a higher or lower detail, uses for plant management. Most of this knowledge is often lost inside an accumulation of formal documents that are not made available for practical use, while it should be disclosed and exploited within a living model of the plant (updated in real time), to which the various actors should refer to make their decisions throughout the lifecycle of the installations. How to give a shared representation of the factory (state, history, behavior), in order to improve the reliability and flow of decision-making, investment, prevention, protection, crisis management? A Risk monitoring systems and knowledge management to be integrated in the architectures of the company IoT has been proposed, developed and tested in French national institute for industrial environment and risks (INERIS). The initial risk modelling embedded in the knowledge management systems, based on the bow-tie methodology to identify the barriers for critical sequences to the Major accidents and to assess their availability, to be used for decision making, has been here integrated with the Integrated Dynamic Decision Analysis in order to obtain the critical sequences of events, that include the operator contribution (in terms of errors and recovery), the barrier effectiveness and the plant behavior. The representation of the plant in the shape of sequences allow a more user-friendly management of the information and thus a simplified control of the coherence of the risk assessment modelling with the real plant behavior, and an enhanced decision-making support in the definition of plant control measures, both technical and operational. It also allows an easier integration of the data coming from the field, with traditional or new technologies, as virtual and augmented reality. The proposed solution is exemplified through the application to an ammonia storage plant

Turbomachinery flow simulations using elsA software : steady validations and first abilities for unsteady computations

Communication to : 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE joint propulsion conference and exhibit, Indianapolis (USA), July 07-10, 2002SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : 22419, issue : a.2002 n.132 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

New abilities of the multiapplication elsA software in the field of turbomachinery flow computation

Communication to : 2002 joint US ASME-European fluid engineering summer conference : forum of high speed jet flows, Montreal (Canada), July 14-18, 2002SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : 22419 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc