Graffiti Museum: A First Amendment Argument for Protecting Uncommissioned art on Private Property

Graffiti has long been a target of municipal legislation that aims to preserve property values, public safety, and aesthetic integrity in the community. Not only are graffitists at risk of criminal prosecution but property owners are subject to civil and criminal penalties for harboring graffiti on their land. Since the 1990s, most U.S. cities have promulgated graffiti abatement ordinances that require private property owners to remove graffiti from their land, often at their own expense. These ordinances define graffiti broadly to include essentially any surface marking applied without advance authorization from the property owner. Meanwhile, graffiti has risen in prominence as a legitimate art form, beginning in the 1960s and most recently with the contributions of street artists such as Banksy and Shepard Fairey. Some property owners may find themselves fortuitous recipients of graffiti they deem art and want to preserve in spite of graffiti abatement ordinances and sign regulations requiring the work\u27s removal. This Note argues that private property owners who wish to preserve uncommissioned art on their land can challenge these laws under the First Amendment, claiming that, as applied, regulations requiring removal are unconstitutional because they leave the property owner insufficient alternative channels for expression

Pelviscopic Compared to Laparotomic and Vaginal Intrafascial Hysterectomy

Between 1993 and 1994, 368 women underwent hysterectomies for benign disorders at the University of Kiel. Of these, 58.7% were performed either by pelviscopic or by laparotomy Classic Intrafascial Supracervical Hysterectomy (CISH). Of the remaining, 14.8% were performed by abdominal hysterectomy, 13.6% by Intrafascial Vaginal Hysterectomy (IVH), 12.2% by Vaginal Hysterectomy (VH), and only 0.05% by Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH). Comparative data of these six surgical techniques concerning patients characteristics, indications for operation, histological features, blood loss, operating time, hospital stay, uterine weights and postoperatively used analgesics are described

On the Diagnosis of Gastric Ulcer.

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Chromosome analysis in polyploid human embryos

Cytogenetic investigations have been performed on 436 unfertilized or polyploid human oocytes after in-vitro fertilization at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Kiel. Thirty-two oocytes had more than two pronuclei 16-20 h after fertilization and were therefore potentially the precursors of polyploid embryos. The total number of fertilized oocytes was 667, and the frequency of tripronucleate ova was 4.8%. These tripronucleate eggs may develop normally up to birth but never lead to viable newborn children. Some of the resulting embryos displayed chromosomal mosaicism, where polyploid karyotypes and normal diploid cells occurred together. It is assumed that the survival rate of polyploid embryos depends upon the percentage of normal diploid cell

Orale Mukositis bei Patienten unter Tumortherapie

Zusammenfassung: Zu den unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen bestimmter Chemo- und Radiotherapien gehört die orale Mukositis, eine Entzündung der Mundschleimhaut. Da sie die Lebensqualität der Patienten in hohem Maße beeinträchtigen kann, sollten Pflegende der Mundhygiene einen besonders hohen Stellenwert beimessen. In der täglichen Praxis wird die orale Mukositis oft kontrovers diskutiert. In diesem Artikel werden aktuelle theoriebasierte und erfahrungsbasierte Grundlagen und Anleitungen für die Pflege und Behandlung vorgestell

Predicting Resting Metabolic Rate in Healthy Adults using Body Composition and Circumference Measurements

Measurement of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important factor for weight management. Previous research has reported several variables to estimate RMR such as body size, percent fat (%BF), age, and sex; however, little is known regarding the effect of circumference measures in estimating RMR. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a model to estimate RMR using waist circumference (WC), an easily obtainable measure, and cross-validate it to previously published models. METHODS:Subjects were 140 adult men and women, ages 18-65 years. RMR was measured through indirect calorimetry, %BF was measured through air displacement plethysmography, and fat mass and fat-free mass were determined from %BF and weight. Other variables collected were: weight, height, age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, WC, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, and %BF estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. Subjects were randomly divided into derivation and cross-validation samples. A multiple regression model was developed to determine the most accurate estimation of RMR in the derivation sample. The cross-validation sample was used to confirm the accuracy of the model and to compare the accuracy to published models. RESULTS:The best predictors for estimating RMR were body weight, r = 0.70, p= 0.031, age, r = -0.30, p= 0.012, and sex, r = 0.51, p= 0.018. Other factors failed to account for significant variation in the model. The derived equation for estimating RMR is: RMR (kcal/day) = 843.11 + 8.77(weight) – 4.23(age) + 228.54(sex, M = 1, F = 0), R2= 0.68, SEE = 173 kcal/day. Cross-validation statistics were: R2= 0.54, p £0.05, SEE = 199 kcal/day, and total error = 198 kcal/day. In published models, R2ranged from 0.47 to 0.57, SEE ranged from 192 to 213 kcal/day, and total error ranged from 212 to 1311 kcal/day. CONCLUSIONS:Cross-validation to published models for estimating RMR were similar to those of the derived model; however, the total error in the derived equation was lower than any of the previously published models. Several published models considerably overestimate RMR compared to the current model. The results of this study suggest that RMR can be reasonably estimated with easily obtainable measures which allow for estimation and implementation of RMR for weight management in clinical practice

Adoption Process for the Model Aquatic Health Code: An Example

In 2014 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published the first edition of the Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC). This document represented the inaugural introduction of a federal policy guideline with a direct focus in the area of aquatic venue operation and maintenance with the sole purpose of improving the nature of public health in the field. The Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) began the review and adoption process soon after the policy’s release. The ISDH process is proposed as one method for others to consider. The background and history of the MAHC are presented in this manuscript along with an overview of the adoption process to date that has been employed by the State of Indiana. In addition, information is provided on the Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DIT) as a possible method for assessing the long-term adoption of the MAHC on a national level