Bringing a Title VII Action: Which Test Regarding Standing to Sue is the Most Applicable?

This Note examines who is a proper plaintiff under Title VII and explains the need for a clearer definition of employee and employed. Part II presents a historical development of the standards used to define employment relationships in Title VII. Part III discusses the general requirements for standing and sets forth the tests currently used to determine standing for a Title VII action. Part IV analyzes how the tests can produce different outcomes and why some tests more adequately serve the Act\u27s goals. The Note concludes that Congress should amend the definition of employee or at least define what constitutes employed. In the alternative, a consistent method should be used and this Note proposes a two-part test that would suffice for standing: (1) the claimant must first demonstrate that the defendant is a covered employer within the meaning of Title VII; and (2) the claimant must demonstrate the existence of an identifiable employment relationship which is allegedly being interfered with by the defendant

Comment on “Does the Hydrated Electron Occupy a Cavity?” [Science 329, 65, (2010)]

Exact quantum mechanical calculations examining a recently implemented pseudopotential show that the results reported by Larsen et al. are based on a model that contains inaccuracies. We illustrate that, in contrast to the model used, the true electron-water interaction is repulsive in the region relevant to the reported extended electron distribution, consistent with the cavity model. The reported simulated properties of the hydrated electron are shown to be very sensitive to this problem

Thermionic research and development program Final report, 15 Jul. 1966 - 15 Jan. 1968

Thermionic research and development program - improvement of performance of low emitter temperature cesium vapor thermionic converter

Innovation processes and industrial districts

In this survey, we examine the operations of innovation processes within industrial districts by exploring the ways in which differentiation, specialization, and integration affect the generation, diffusion, and use of new knowledge in such districts. We begin with an analysis of the importance of the division of labour and then investigate the effects of social embeddedness on innovation. We also consider the effect of forms of organization within industrial districts at various stages of product and process life, and we examine the negative aspects of embeddedness for innovation. We conclude with a discussion of the possible consequences of new information and communications technologies on innovation in industrial districts

Ride quality evaluation 1: Questionnaire studies of airline passenger comfort

As part of a larger effort to assess passenger comfort in aircraft, two questionnaires were administered: one to ground-based respondents; the other to passengers in flight. Respondents indicated the importance of various factors influencing their satisfaction with a trip, the perceived importance of various physical factors in determining their level of comfort, and the ease of time spent performing activities in flight. The in-flight sample also provided a rating of their level of comfort and of their willingness to fly again. Comfort ratings were examined in relation to (1) type of respondent, (2) type of aircraft, (3) characteristics of the passengers, (4) ease of performing activities, and (5) willingness to fly again

Reaction of cobalt in SO2 atmospheric at elevated temperatures

The reaction rate of cobalt in SO2 argon environments was measured at 650 C, 700 C, 750 C and 800 C. Product scales consist primarily of an interconnected sulfide phase in an oxide matrix. At 700 C to 800 C a thin sulfide layer adjacent to the metal is also observed. At all temperatures, the rapid diffusion of cobalt outward through the interconnected sulfide appears to be important. At 650 C, the reaction rate slows dramatically after five minutes due to a change in the distribution of these sulfides. At 700 C and 750 C the reaction is primarily diffusion controlled values of diffusivity of cobalt (CoS) calculated from this work show favorable agreement with values of diffusivity of cobalt (CoS) calculated from previous sulfidation work. At 800 C, a surface step becomes rate limiting

Phosphorylation of the Arp2 subunit relieves auto-inhibitory interactions for Arp2/3 complex activation.

Actin filament assembly by the actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex is necessary to build many cellular structures, including lamellipodia at the leading edge of motile cells and phagocytic cups, and to move endosomes and intracellular pathogens. The crucial role of the Arp2/3 complex in cellular processes requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of its activity. While binding of nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) has long been considered essential to Arp2/3 complex activity, we recently showed that phosphorylation of the Arp2 subunit is also necessary for Arp2/3 complex activation. Using molecular dynamics simulations and biochemical assays with recombinant Arp2/3 complex, we now show how phosphorylation of Arp2 induces conformational changes permitting activation. The simulations suggest that phosphorylation causes reorientation of Arp2 relative to Arp3 by destabilizing a network of salt-bridge interactions at the interface of the Arp2, Arp3, and ARPC4 subunits. Simulations also suggest a gain-of-function ARPC4 mutant that we show experimentally to have substantial activity in the absence of NPFs. We propose a model in which a network of auto-inhibitory salt-bridge interactions holds the Arp2 subunit in an inactive orientation. These auto-inhibitory interactions are destabilized upon phosphorylation of Arp2, allowing Arp2 to reorient to an activation-competent state

Passenger ride quality determined from commercial airline flights

The University of Virginia ride-quality research program is reviewed. Data from two flight programs, involving seven types of aircraft, are considered in detail. An apparatus for measuring physical variations in the flight environment and recording the subjective reactions of test subjects is described. Models are presented for predicting the comfort response of test subjects from the physical data, and predicting the overall comfort reaction of test subjects from their moment by moment responses. The correspondence of mean passenger comfort judgments and test subject response is shown. Finally, the models of comfort response based on data from the 5-point and 7-point comfort scales are shown to correspond

die politische Theologie von Walter Benjamin und Gershom Scholem

Title Deutsche Zusammenfassung and Introduction 1 The Messianic State: does the Messiah initiate or consummate? 30 The division of the Holy and Profane 38 The Messianic Intensity of Happiness 44 Tragic Devotion 49 Restitutio in Integrum and immortality 57 Nihilism 63 The theological politics of Gershom Scholem 66 Tradition and anarchism 68 Zion: anarchist praxis or metaphor 71 A programmatic Torah 75 Revolutionary nihilism 78 Cataclysmic anarchism 82 Critical anarchism 93 On the origins of language and the true name of things 98 Metaphor of the Divine 103 The Magic of the inexpressible in language 108 Symbolic revelation 114 Magic and the divine word 118 Reception as translation 124 Sign and Symbol 128 Judgment 130 Jewish linguistic theory and christian Kabbalah 133 Gershom Scholem and the name of God: "On language as such reconsidered" 143 Toward a structure of symbolic mysticism 146 The creating word and the unpronouncable name 150 The existence of matter and magic in the Torah and its letters 154 Grammarians of the name 158 Micro-lingustic speculation 161 The metaphysics of the divine name, ist substance and attributes 165 A micro-linguistic science of prophecy 169 On a Mesianic conception of language 174 A redemptive conception of justice 176 Theses of the concept of justice 195 Prophetic justice 199 Judaism and revolution 209 Judgment and violence 215 Punishment and fate 223 Divine postponement and the question of violence 238 The righteous, the pious, the scholar 243 Bibliography 253">Walter Benjamin attests to Gershom Scholem in a rather emphatic moment in 1915 that if he should ever have a philosophy of his own, it would be a philosophy of Judaism. In many ways, this statement forms the basis of a discussion on three main ideas which would capture the imagination of the authors: on Messianism, language and justice. Following along the lines of this tripartite division, the dissertation is divided into three sections reflecting the original tone of the authors' dialogue. The first section is perhaps the most helpful for readers interested in Benjamin's early writings, for it seeks to explain many of the early texts in the context of this pursuit of the Messianic in history. The reconstruction of Benjamin's Messianism is based largely on an early text from 1921 entitled the Theological-Political Fragment. This is followed by more narrative section in which Benjamin's movement toward abstract, political and theological speculation is brought together with Scholem's own Messianic politics and a nihilism regarding the affairs of Europe. These two dimension ? a utopian, anarchist theological politics and a nihilism regarding worldly affairs ? converge when the authors are finally reunited in Muri, Switzerland in 1917-18 at the height of the First World War. This is followed by a broader portrayal of Scholem, the categories of his theological politics and the metamorphosis this politics undergoes.Die Dissertation befaßt sich mit den frühen politischen und theologischen Begriffen der beiden Autoren aus der Zeit von 1915 bis 1923. Sie verfolgt die Absicht, die frühen Diskussionen Benjamins und Scholems zu Politik und Theologie zu rekonstruieren. Dabei konzentriert sie sich auf die Themen von Messianismus, Sprache und Gerechtigkeit. Auf der einen Seite wird die Verwurzelung der sprachtheoretischen und geschichtsphilosophischen Konzepte Walter Benjamins in einer vom Judentum geprägten theologischen Tradition herausgearbeitet. Auf der anderen Seite wird der theoretische und politische Gehalt zentraler Kategorien ihrer frühen Diskussionen in einigen Teilen von Scholems Spätwerk dargestellt. Auf diese Weise wird der enge Zusammenhang von Grundbegriffen der jüdischen Tradition, vor allem mystischer und messianischer Richtungen, mit den politischen und theologischen Ideen Benjamins und Scholems deutlich gemacht. Diese Ideen, die sich bei beiden Autoren schon früh herausbildeten, haben grundlegende Bedeutung für ihre späteren Auffassungen und haben damit auch einen nachhaltigen Einfluß auf die Gegenwartsphilosophie sowie die Judaistik dieses Jahrhunderts ausgeübt