Les bolcheviks au Guilan

L’arrivée des bolcheviks au nord de la Perse et le renversement du gouvernement de Koutchek Khan, en juin et juillet 1920, comptent parmi les épisodes les plus dramatiques de la révolution au Guilan de 1920-1921. L’envoi d’une escadre rouge dans le port caspien d’Anzali et l’évacuation de la garnison britannique de Rasht, capitale de la province du Guilan, avaient abouti, dans un premier temps, à la proclamation, le 4 juin 1920, de la « République soviétique de Perse » avec à sa tête le chef des partisans nationalistes djangali, Mirza Koutchek Khan. Moscou avait l’intention d’installer un gouvernement de « type soviétique » mais sans imposer de révolution sociale car elle voulait éviter que les djangali ne se retirent du combat pour la libération nationale. Ainsi, en apportant son soutien à cette révolution, le gouvernement de la RSFSR, cherchait moins à soviétiser l’empire du shah qu’à exercer, en agitant la menace de l’« expansion rouge » en Asie, une pression sur le gouvernement britannique afin d’aboutir à un « marchandage diplomatique » entre Moscou et Londres. Il s’agissait d’obtenir des Anglais la levée du blocus économique de la RSFSR en échange de l’arrêt de l’offensive russe en Orient. Toutefois, les communistes locaux étaient opposés à cette « soviétisation de façade » et ils fomentèrent un complot contre le « démocrate bourgeois » Koutchek Khan. Ils réussirent à renverser son gouvernement et à le remplacer par un Revkom fantoche qui tenta de mettre en place une politique d’expropriation des terres. Seul le renfort en troupes russes et azerbaïdjanaises permit à ce Revkom de se maintenir, pour un temps, au pouvoir. L’occupation de fait du Guilan, l’hostilité de la population et les défaites sur le front obligèrent Moscou à entamer des pourparlers avec le gouvernement du shah. Ils conduisirent à l’accord soviéto-perse du 26 février 1921, à l’évacuation des troupes russes et à la fin de la république du Guilan.The Bolsheviks in Gilan: the overthrow of Kuchek Khan’s government. – The Bolsheviks’ arrival in northern Persia and the overthrow of Kuchek Khan’s government in June and July 1920 are among the most dramatic episodes of the Gilan revolution of 1920-1921. First, the stationing of a red squadron in the Caspian sea port of Anzali together with the evacuation of the British garrison from Rasht, the capital of the Gilan province, had led to the proclamation on June 14, 1920 of the “Soviet Republic of Persia,” whose head was Mirza Kuchek Khan, the leader of the Jangali nationalist partisans group. Moscow’s intention was to set up a “Soviet-type” government without imposing a social revolution because it wanted to avoid the Jangalis’ withdrawal from the struggle for national liberation. Thus, by supporting this revolution, the government of the RSFSR was seeking less a sovietization of the shah’s empire than a way of pressuring the British government with the threat of a “red expansion” in Asia in order to bring Moscow and London to the negotiating table. At stake was the raising of the British embargo on the RSFSR in exchange for the cessation of the Russian offensive in the East. However, local communists opposed this “façade Sovietization” and fomented a plot against the “bourgeois democrat” Kuchek Khan. They successfully overthrew his government and replaced it with a puppet Revkom which attempted to set up a land expropriation policy. This Revkom was able temporarily to remain in power thanks only to reinforcements in Russian and Azerbaijanian troops. The de facto occupation of Gilan, the population’s hostility as well as a series of defeats on the front obliged Moscow to start negotiations with the shah’s government. These negotiations led to the Soviet-Persian agreement of February 26, 1921, the evacuation of Russian troops, and the end of the Gilan Republic

Potential role for clinical calibration to increase engagement with and application of home telemonitoring: a report from the HeartCycle programme

Aims: There is a need for alternative strategies that might avoid recurrent admissions in patients with heart failure. Home Telemonitoring (HTM) to monitor patient’s symptoms from a distance may be useful. This study attempts to assess changes in HTM vital signs in response to daily life activities (variations in medication, salt intake, exercise and stress) and to stablish which variations affect weight, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Methods and results: We assessed 76 patients with heart failure (mean age 76 ± 10.8 years, 75% male, mainly in NYHA class II/III and from ischaemic etiology cause). Patients were given a calendar of interventions scheduling activities approximately twice-a-week before measuring their vital signs. Eating salty food or a large meal were the activities that had a significant impact on weight gain (+0.3 kg; p<0.001 and p=0.006, respectively). Exercise and skipping a dose of medication other than diuretics increased heart rate (+3 bpm, p=0.001 and almost +2 bpm, p=0.016, respectively). Conclusions: Our HTM system was able to detect small changes in vital signs related to these activities. Further studies should assess if providing such a schedule of activities might be useful for patient education and could improve long-term adherence to recommended lifestyle changes

Is urinary incontinence associated with lichen sclerosus in females? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a scarring chronic inflammatory disease with a predilection for genital skin in both sexes. The aetiology of LS is controversial, but evidence increasingly suggests that the occluded exposure of susceptible epithelium to urine is involved in the pathogenesis of genital LS in males. This theory has not yet been robustly investigated in females. Objectives This review and meta-analysis examined whether there is an association between urinary incontinence (UI) and genital lichen LS in females.Methods We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL to identify observational studies assessing the prevalence of UI in females with LS. DerSimonian and Laird random‐effects models were used to estimate the overall pooled prevalence and risk ratio compared to controls. Heterogeneity was assessed.ResultsIn total, eight studies met the inclusion criteria and five studies were included in a meta-analysis. Three studies were graded as moderate quality and five were poor. The pooled prevalence for UI in LS was 0.35 (95% CI 0.13-0.58, I2=98.4%). The risk ratio of UI in LS was 0.97 (95% CI 0.53-1.75, I2=87.5%). ConclusionThere appears to be no difference between patients with LS and those without LS in terms of UI. Studies are limited by clinical and methodological quality and heterogeneity is high. Well-designed prospective studies are needed

Circulating linoleic acid at the time of myocardial infarction and risk of primary ventricular fibrillation

Primary ventricular fibrillation (PVF) is a major driver of cardiac arrest in the acute phase of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Enrichment of cardiomyocyte plasma membranes with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces vulnerability to PVF experimentally, but clinical data are scarce. PUFA status in serum phospholipids is a valid surrogate biomarker of PUFA status in cardiomyocytes within a wide range of dietary PUFA. In this nested case-control study (n = 58 cases of STEMI-driven PVF, n = 116 control non-PVF STEMI patients matched for age, sex, smoking status, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension) we determined fatty acids in serum phospholipids by gas-chromatography, and assessed differences between cases and controls, applying the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure on nominal P-values to control the false discovery rate (FDR). Significant differences between cases and controls were restricted to linoleic acid (LA), with PVF patients showing a lower level (nominal P = 0.002; FDR-corrected P = 0.027). In a conditional logistic regression model, each one standard deviation increase in the proportion of LA was related to a 42% lower prevalence of PVF (odds ratio = 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.37, 0.90; P = 0.02). The association lasted after the inclusion of confounders. Thus, regular consumption of LA-rich foods (nuts, oils from seeds) may protect against ischemia-driven malignant arrhythmias

Circulating heart failure biomarkers beyond natriuretic peptides:review from the Biomarker Study Group of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

New biomarkers are being evaluated for their ability to advance the management of patients with heart failure. Despite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, besides natriuretic peptides virtually none have succeeded in being applied into the clinical setting. In this review, we examine the most promising emerging candidates for clinical assessment and management of patients with heart failure. We discuss high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (Tn), procalcitonin, novel kidney markers, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), cluster of differentiation 146 (CD146), neprilysin, adrenomedullin (ADM), and also discuss proteomics and genetic-based risk scores. We focused on guidance and assistance with daily clinical care decision-making. For each biomarker, analytical considerations are discussed, as well as performance regarding diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss potential implementation in clinical algorithms and in ongoing clinical trials.</p

Clinical Role of CA125 in Worsening Heart Failure A BIOSTAT-CHF Study Subanalysis

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between antigen carbohydrate 125 (CA125) and the risk of 1-year clinical outcomes in patients with worsening heart failure (HF).BACKGROUND CA125 is a widely available biomarker that is up-regulated in patients with acute HF and has been postulated as a useful marker of congestion and risk stratification.METHODS hi a large multicenter cohort of patients with worsening HF, either in-hospital or in the outpatient setting, the independent associations between CA125 and 1-year death and the composite of death/HF readmission (adjusted for outcome-specific prognostic risk score [BIOSTAT risk score]) were determined by using the Royston-Parmar method (N = 2356). In a sensitivity analysis, the prognostic implications of CA125 were also adjusted for a composite congestion score (CCS). Data were validated in the B1OSTAT-CHF (Biology Study to Tailored Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure validation) cohort (N = 1,630).RESULTS Surrogates of congestion, such as N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and CCS, emerged as independent predictors of CA125. In muttivariabte survival analyses, higher CA125 was associated with an increased risk of mortality and the composite of death/HF readmission (p &lt;0.001 for both comparisons), even after adjustment for the CCS (p &lt;0.010 for both comparisons). The addition of CA125 to the B1OSTAT score led to a significant risk reclassification for both outcomes (category-free net reclassification improvement 0.137 [p &lt;0.001] and 0.104 [p 0.003] respectively). AR outcomes were confirmed in an independent validation cohort.CONCLUSIONS In patients with worsening HF, higher levels of CA125 were positively associated with parameters of congestion. Furthermore, CA125 remained independently associated with a higher risk of clinical outcomes, even beyond a predefined risk model and clinical surrogates of congestion. (C) 2020 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.</p

IFNβ Protects Neurons from Damage in a Murine Model of HIV-1 Associated Brain Injury.

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes brain injury. Type I interferons (IFNα/β) are critical mediators of any anti-viral immune response and IFNβ has been implicated in the temporary control of lentiviral infection in the brain. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 in their central nervous system (HIVgp120tg) mount a transient IFNβ response and provide evidence that IFNβ confers neuronal protection against HIVgp120 toxicity. In cerebrocortical cell cultures, neuroprotection by IFNβ against gp120 toxicity is dependent on IFNα receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and the β-chemokine CCL4, as IFNAR1 deficiency and neutralizing antibodies against CCL4, respectively, abolish the neuroprotective effects. We find in vivo that IFNβ mRNA is significantly increased in HIVgp120tg brains at 1.5, but not 3 or 6 months of age. However, a four-week intranasal IFNβ treatment of HIVgp120tg mice starting at 3.5 months of age increases expression of CCL4 and concomitantly protects neuronal dendrites and pre-synaptic terminals in cortex and hippocampus from gp120-induced damage. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro data suggests astrocytes are a major source of IFNβ-induced CCL4. Altogether, our results suggest exogenous IFNβ as a neuroprotective factor that has potential to ameliorate in vivo HIVgp120-induced brain injury

Planetary science and exploration in the deep subsurface: results from the MINAR Program, Boulby Mine, UK

The subsurface exploration of other planetary bodies can be used to unravel their geological history and assess their habitability. On Mars in particular, present-day habitable conditions may be restricted to the subsurface. Using a deep subsurface mine, we carried out a program of extraterrestrial analog research – MINe Analog Research (MINAR). MINAR aims to carry out the scientific study of the deep subsurface and test instrumentation designed for planetary surface exploration by investigating deep subsurface geology, whilst establishing the potential this technology has to be transferred into the mining industry. An integrated multi-instrument suite was used to investigate samples of representative evaporite minerals from a subsurface Permian evaporite sequence, in particular to assess mineral and elemental variations which provide small-scale regions of enhanced habitability. The instruments used were the Panoramic Camera emulator, Close-Up Imager, Raman spectrometer, Small Planetary Linear Impulse Tool, Ultrasonic drill and handheld X-ray diffraction (XRD). We present science results from the analog research and show that these instruments can be used to investigate in situ the geological context and mineralogical variations of a deep subsurface environment, and thus habitability, from millimetre to metre scales. We also show that these instruments are complementary. For example, the identification of primary evaporite minerals such as NaCl and KCl, which are difficult to detect by portable Raman spectrometers, can be accomplished with XRD. By contrast, Raman is highly effective at locating and detecting mineral inclusions in primary evaporite minerals. MINAR demonstrates the effective use of a deep subsurface environment for planetary instrument development, understanding the habitability of extreme deep subsurface environments on Earth and other planetary bodies, and advancing the use of space technology in economic mining