Effect of oils administration on diets digestibility and haematic fatty acids profile in exercising horses

The ration of performance horse usually includes great amount of cereals. Nevertheless there is a limit to the amount of starch which a ration should contain. Addition of dietary fat to improve the caloric density of horse mixed feed is a common practice. Fat supplement reduces the negative effect of excessive starch fermentations in large intestine

Strain partitioning in host rock controls LREE release from allanite-(Ce) in subduction zones

Combined microstructural, mineral chemical, X-ray maps, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses are used to reveal the rheological behaviour of individual grains of magmatic allanite relicts hosted in variably deformed metagranitoids at Lago della Vecchia (inner part of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone, Western Alps, Europe), which experienced high pressure and low temperature metamorphism during the Alpine subduction. X-ray single crystal diffraction shows that none of the allanite crystals, irrespective of the strain state of the host rock, record any evidence of plastic deformation (i.e., intracrystalline deformation), as indicated by the shape of the Bragg diffraction spots, the atomic site positions, and their displacement around the centre of gravity. On the contrary, strong plastic deformation affected matrix minerals, such as quartz, white mica, and feldspar of the hosting rocks, during the development of the Alpine eclogitic- and blueschist-facies metamorphism. Despite the strain-free atomic structures of allanite, different patterns of chemical zoning, as a function of strain accumulated in the rock matrix, are observed. Since allanite occurs in magmatic and metamorphic rocks and it is stable at high pressure and low temperature conditions, we infer that allanite could behave as one of the main carriers of light-rare-earth-elements into the mantle wedge during subduction of continental crust. In particular, the release of light-rare-earth-elements from allanite, under high pressure conditions in subduction zones, is facilitated by high strain accumulated in the host rock

Total mixed ration in exercising horse: digestibility and nitrogen metabolism

The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of a total mixed ration (TMR) versus a traditional mixed hay/cereals diet. Four adult trained Standardbred geldings – BW = 478±37 kg - were used. The two diets consisted of 20 kg of a commercial TMR - corn silage, alfalfa hay, wet brewers' grain, oat, apple pomace, molasses cane, soybean oil and mineral/vitamin supplement - (Diet 1) or 7 kg of meadow hay and 4.5 kg of cereal-mix - corn, oat, barley and protein/mineral/vitamin supplement - (Diet 2). The trial was conducted according to a Latin Square design (2x2). After an adaptation period of four weeks, total faeces and urine were collected for 6 days. Both feed and faeces samples were analysed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemicellulose, ADL and GE. Data were analysed by ANOVA. The apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance of the two diets were compared. DM, OM, CP and GE apparent digestibility were significantly different between the diets, with higher values for unifeed diet than traditional diet. Energy requirement was satisfied by both diets (96.54 vs 95.55 MJ). Nitrogen balance showed negative values in both diets (- 61.67 vs - 9.05), but the hay/cereals supplemented diet showed the best protein utilisation

Apparent digestibility of three diets in the Amiata breed donkey during lactation

The aim of the trial was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets for lactating donkeys: a diet with 8 kg of hay and 1.5 kg of commercial flaked mixed feed (CM) (Diet 1); a diet with 7 kg of hay and a 2.2 kg of CM (Diet 2) and a diet with 7 kg of hay, 1.5 kg of CM, 200 ml of corn oil and 0.2 kg of soybean meal (Diet 3). Four pluriparous donkeys (309±12 kg BW) at approximately 2-4 months of lactation were used. The trial was conducted according to a 3x3 Latin Square design with 1 or 2 subject per each cell. Feed and faeces samples were analysed for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF and gross energy. Acid insoluble ash was used as marker to calculate the apparent digestibility. The apparent digestibility of the main dietary components showed not significant differences among the three diets but generally they were lower in Diet 3. DM intakes of every diet exceeded the esti- mated energy requirement, whereas protein requirements were not significantly satisfied by Diet 1

Effect of different oils administration on oleic and linoleic serum profile in horses during standardised exercise test on treadmill

Because of its energy density, fat is often added to the diet for exercising horses; however, little attention has been given to the effect of dietary fatty acid composition. The aims of this study were to compare the effect of two diets containing different oils on the fatty acids haematic profile during and after an aerobic exercise test on treadmill. Four adult trained gelding Standardbred (mean BW=481±27 kg) were used in a two replicated 2x2 Latin Square design. Mixed hay-concentrate diets contained corn oil (CORN) or a mix of mono-di and triglycerides of olive oil (MDTO) were administrated. The horses received the diets for a period of four weeks. At the end of the adaptation period an aerobic exercise test on treadmill (30-min long) was carried on. Blood samples were collected at rest, after 15' and 30' of exercise and during recovery period (at 10', 30' and 60'). Serum fatty acid concentration was determined. MDTO supplemented horses showed an higher percentage of Oleic acid during and after the exercise test; whereas Linoleic acid showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between groups with the highest value at 10' and 30' after exercise in the CORN supplemented group

A superoxide dismutase biosensor for measuring the antioxidant capacity of blueberry based integrators

The antioxidant capacity of capsules containing blueberry based products which are included among the group of integrators owing to their antioxidant capacity and produced by various films was investigated. The results of the investigation are compared to rank these products in order to their antioxidant capacity. In order to measure antioxidant capacity, our laboratory has recently developed a special electrochemical method based on a superoxide dismutase (SOD) biosensor to determine the superoxide radical. The results obtained by applying the SOD biosensor method to various blueberry based integrators were compared with the results obtained with the spectrophotometric (FRAP) method based on N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylendiamine (DMPD-FeCl3) and with those obtained also using the ORAC fluorimetric (TRAP) method. One of the more interesting aspect of the article is the good agreement it evidences of the results of the three methods for measuring antioxidant capacity. The three methods differ among themselves: an Electron Transfer (ET) method, a Hydrogen Atom Trasnfer Metod (HAT) and an electrochemical based biosensor method of the Morning Superoxide Radical (MSR) type. It is also shown how the antioxidant capacity of the fresh vegetable is in any case always greater then of any food supplement obtained from the same type of vegetable

Growth response and body composition of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) fed a high energy diet with different protein levels.

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of a high energy diet with two different protein levels on growth, feed efficiency and whole body composition of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo). Two isoenergetic diets (24.1-24.7 MJ Kg-1 dry weight) with two different protein levels (46.7 and 52.5 % dry weight) were fed to satiety to duplicate groups of 300 fish (initial body weight 27.7 \ub1 0.2 g) for 94 days. At the end of the experiment, the fish fed 52.5 % protein showed a statistically higher (P < 0.05) daily intake rate (DIR) of feed. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was similar among groups. Whole body composition was similar among treatments while the high enrgy level of the diets significantly modified lipid and moisture content in comparison with fish at the beginning of the experiment. Protein efficiency ratio (PER), gross protein efficiency (GPE) of fish fed 46.7 % protein diet were statistically higher than those for the other diet. It may be concluded that the diet with a lower protein level has given better protein utilization and a protein sparing effect but tended to result in reduced weight gain and feed intake, when compared with diet containing higher protein levels