Оценивание климатической и сезонной составляющих экстремальных температур воздуха на примере вековых наблюдений в Киеве

Осуществлен гармонический анализ сезонных аномалий температуры воздуха с 1901 по 2009 гг. Выделена низкочастотная климатическая и высокочастотная сезонная составляющие аномалий температуры воздуха, оценена их спектральная энергия. Идентифицированы законы статистических распределений циклических трендов климатической и сезонной составляющих. Установлено, что в первой половине прошлого столетия энергия сезонной составляющей превосходила энергию климатической составляющей на 164%, а к концу — только на 70%. Снижение обусловлено ослаблением энергии сезонной составляющей и увеличением энергии климатической составляющей, которые уравняются через (35 ± 5) лет. Вследствие выявленных процессов, вклад сезонной составляющей в экстремально низкие аномалии температуры воздуха в десятки раз превышал вклад климатической составляющей. Сезонная составляющая преобладала на 80–90% в экстремально высоких аномалиях температуры воздуха и аномалиях температуры воздуха, которые были значительно ниже нормы.Здiйснено гармонiчний аналiз сезонних аномалiй температури повiтря з 1901 по 2009 рр. Видiлено низькочастотну клiматичну i високочастотну сезонну складовi аномалiй температури повiтря, оцiнено їх спектральну енергiю. Iдентифiковано закони статистичних розподiлiв циклiчних трендiв клiматичної i сезонної складових. Встановлено, що в першiй половинi минулого столiття енергiя сезонної складової перевищувала енергiю клiматичної складової на 164%, а пiд кiнець — тiльки на 70%. Зниження обумовлено ослабленням енергiї сезонної складової i збiльшенням енергiї клiматичної складової, якi зрiвняються через (35±5) рокiв. Внаслiдок виявлених процесiв, вклад сезонної складової в екстремальнi низькi аномалiї температури повiтря в десятки раз перевищував вклад клiматичної складової. Сезонна складова переважала на 80–90% в екстремальних високих аномалiях температури повiтря та в аномалiях температури повiтря, якi були значно нижче норми.The harmonic analysis of seasonal anomalies of the air temperature is carried out from 1901 till 2009. A low-frequency climatic constituent and a high-frequency seasonal constituent of anomalies of the air temperature are distinguished. Their spectral energy is appraised. The laws of statistical distributions of the cyclic trends of climatic and seasonal constituents are identified. It is found that, in the first half of the last century, the seasonal constituent energy exceeded the energy of the climatic constituent by 164% and only by 70% to the end of the century. A decline is caused by a weakening of the seasonal constituent energy and an increase of the climatic constituent energy, which will be equal in (35±5) yr. Because of the revealed processes, the contribution of the seasonal constituent to extremely small anomalies of the air temperature was by several tens of times more than that of the climatic constituent. The seasonal constituent prevailed by 80–90 % in extremely high anomalies of the air temperature and in temperatures anomalies that were considerably below than the norm

Infrastructure for Detector Research and Development towards the International Linear Collider

The EUDET-project was launched to create an infrastructure for developing and testing new and advanced detector technologies to be used at a future linear collider. The aim was to make possible experimentation and analysis of data for institutes, which otherwise could not be realized due to lack of resources. The infrastructure comprised an analysis and software network, and instrumentation infrastructures for tracking detectors as well as for calorimetry.Comment: 54 pages, 48 picture

Estimates of Particulate Organic Carbon Flowing from the Pelagic Environment to the Benthos through Sponge Assemblages

Despite the importance of trophic interactions between organisms, and the relationship between primary production and benthic diversity, there have been few studies that have quantified the carbon flow from pelagic to benthic environments as a result of the assemblage level activity of suspension-feeding organisms. In this study, we examine the feeding activity of seven common sponge species from the Taputeranga marine reserve on the south coast of Wellington in New Zealand. We analysed the diet composition, feeding efficiency, pumping rates, and the number of food particles (specifically picoplanktonic prokaryotic cells) retained by sponges. We used this information, combined with abundance estimates of the sponges and estimations of the total amount of food available to sponges in a known volume of water (89,821 m3), to estimate: (1) particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes through sponges as a result of their suspension-feeding activities on picoplankton; and (2) the proportion of the available POC from picoplankton that sponges consume. The most POC acquired by the sponges was from non-photosynthetic bacterial cells (ranging from 0.09 to 4.69 g C d−1 with varying sponge percentage cover from 0.5 to 5%), followed by Prochlorococcus (0.07 to 3.47 g C d−1) and then Synechococcus (0.05 to 2.34 g C d−1) cells. Depending on sponge abundance, the amount of POC that sponges consumed as a proportion of the total POC available was 0.2–12.1% for Bac, 0.4–21.3% for Prochlo, and 0.3–15.8% for Synecho. The flux of POC for the whole sponge assemblage, based on the consumption of prokaryotic picoplankton, ranged from 0.07–3.50 g C m2 d−1. This study is the first to estimate the contribution of a sponge assemblage (rather than focusing on individual sponge species) to POC flow from three groups of picoplankton in a temperate rocky reef through the feeding activity of sponges and demonstrates the importance of sponges to energy flow in rocky reef environments

Development of Bacterial Biofilms on Artificial Corals in Comparison to Surface-Associated Microbes of Hard Corals

Numerous studies have demonstrated the differences in bacterial communities associated with corals versus those in their surrounding environment. However, these environmental samples often represent vastly different microbial micro-environments with few studies having looked at the settlement and growth of bacteria on surfaces similar to corals. As a result, it is difficult to determine which bacteria are associated specifically with coral tissue surfaces. In this study, early stages of passive settlement from the water column to artificial coral surfaces (formation of a biofilm) were assessed. Changes in bacterial diversity (16S rRNA gene), were studied on artificially created resin nubbins that were modelled from the skeleton of the reef building coral Acropora muricata. These models were dip-coated in sterile agar, mounted in situ on the reef and followed over time to monitor bacterial community succession. The bacterial community forming the biofilms remained significantly different (R = 0.864 p<0.05) from that of the water column and from the surface mucus layer (SML) of the coral at all times from 30 min to 96 h. The water column was dominated by members of the α-proteobacteria, the developed community on the biofilms dominated by γ-proteobacteria, whereas that within the SML was composed of a more diverse array of groups. Bacterial communities present within the SML do not appear to arise from passive settlement from the water column, but instead appear to have become established through a selection process. This selection process was shown to be dependent on some aspects of the physico-chemical structure of the settlement surface, since agar-coated slides showed distinct communities to coral-shaped surfaces. However, no significant differences were found between different surface coatings, including plain agar and agar enhanced with coral mucus exudates. Therefore future work should consider physico-chemical surface properties as factors governing change in microbial diversity