COMPARISON OF KINEMATICS AND ACCURACY OF OVERHAND AMERICAN FOOTBALL THROWING

This study examined elbow angle, wrist velocity and throwing accuracy during American Football throws. Six repetitions of three types of throws: Self-selected pass (SS), Lob pass (L), and a Bullet pass (B); were performed to hit a point scaled target from 10.97 m. Independent variables were frontal plane shoulder angle (more or less than 90º) and throw type; dependent variables were elbow angle in the sagittal plane, wrist velocity at ball release, and accuracy. There were no differences for shoulder angle for any variable; while throw types differed only for wrist speed (highest to lowest B, SS, and L). Significant interactions occurred for all variables. These findings suggest that recommendations for American football throwing technique are complicated by the combination of throw type and shoulder angle; and that with no restrictions subjects will throw with more accuracy

VV ECMO for Treatment of Severe ARDS in CoVID-19 Patients at UNMC

Abstract Introduction: Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) is an indicated treatment for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) refractory to conventional medical treatment. Severe ARDS is a common complication of CoVID-19 infection. Subsequently, the efficacy of VV ECMO in CoVID-19 severe ARDS patients must be investigated. ECMO is a resource-intensive treatment modality, meaning that its use must be reserved for patients with robust indications and paucity of contraindications. Methods: We performed retrospective chart review of three patients at the University of Nebraska Medical Center that were placed on VV ECMO secondary to severe ARDS from CoVID-19 infection. Results: All patients were male with a median age of 39 years. Two patients were of Hispanic descent, and the third was of Asian descent. No patients had underlying lung disease, and all patients had type II diabetes mellitus. Median time on mechanical ventilation prior to ECMO cannulation was six days. Median duration of ECMO treatment was 21 days with a range of 17 to 27 days. All patients were decannulated from ECMO during their hospital stay, and all patients survived to 60 days post-hospital discharge. Complications while on ECMO included GI bleeding in two patients, hematuria in one patient, necessitation of vasodilator and vasopressor support in all patients, AKI in two patients, secondary bacterial pneumonia in two patients, and blood cultures positive for gram-positive organisms in all patients. No patients suffered DVT or CVA. All patients required pRBC transfusion during ECMO treatment. Two patients were treated with remdesivir and one patient received baricitinib, a JAK-inhibitor. Conclusion: VV ECMO is a viable treatment for patients with severe ARDS secondary to CoVID-19 infection that have failed conventional therapy. Stringent adherence to inclusion and exclusion criteria is imperative. VV ECMO combined with lung protective ventilation strategies with a focus on minimizing driving pressure can provide life-saving treatment to patients with severe ARDS secondary to CoVID-19 infectio

CHANGES IN UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCLE ACTIVATION IN THE PRESENCE OF STRESS

This study examined the muscle activity of the flexor digitorum (FD), biceps brachii (BB), triceps brachii (TB), and pectoralis major (PM) during the American football throw with and without conditions of stress. Male subjects (n=5) with either football or baseball experience threw footballs at targets with distances of 12.91 m, 18.29 m, and 28.91 m. Throwing arm muscle activity was assessed via electromyography. Results showed that the flexor digitorum muscle had lower muscle activation for the stress condition at the long distance along with the pectoral muscle at the middle distance

Aboriginal Resource Access in Response to Criminal Victimization in an Urban Context

Arts, Education and LawNo Full Tex

Small UAV Research and Evolution in Long Endurance Electric Powered Vehicles

This paper describes recent research into the advancement of small, electric powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capabilities. Specifically, topics include the improvements made in battery technology, design methodologies, avionics architectures and algorithms, materials and structural concepts, propulsion system performance prediction, and others. The results of prototype vehicle designs and flight tests are discussed in the context of their usefulness in defining and validating progress in the various technology areas. Further areas of research need are also identified. These include the need for more robust operating regimes (wind, gust, etc.), and continued improvement in payload fraction vs. endurance

Study design and protocol for a mixed methods evaluation of an intervention to reduce and break up sitting time in primary school classrooms in the UK: the CLASS PAL (Physically Active Learning) Programme

Introduction: Children engage in a high volume of sitting in school, particularly in the classroom. A number of strategies, such as physically active lessons (termed movement integration (MI)), have been developed to integrate physical activity into this learning environment; however, no single approach is likely to meet the needs of all pupils and teachers. This protocol outlines an implementation study of a primary school-based MI intervention: CLASS PAL (Physically Active Learning) programme. This study aims to (A) determine the degree of implementation of CLASS PAL, (B) identify processes by which teachers and schools implement CLASS PAL and (C) investigate individual (pupil and teacher) level and school-level characteristics associated with implementation of CLASS PAL. Methods and analysis: The intervention will provide teachers with a professional development workshop and a bespoke teaching resources website. The study will use a single group before-and-after design, strengthened by multiple interim measurements. Six state-funded primary schools will be recruited within Leicestershire, UK. Evaluation data will be collected prior to implementation and at four discrete time points during implementation: At measurement 0 (October 2016), school, teacher and pupil characteristics will be collected. At measurements 0 and 3 (June-July 2017), accelerometry, cognitive functioning, self-reported sitting and classroom engagement data will be collected. At measurements 1(December 2016-March 2017) and 3, teacher interviews (also at measurement 4; September-October 2017) and pupil focus groups will be conducted, and at measurements 1 and 2 (April-May 2017), classroom observations. Implementation will be captured through website analytics and ongoing teacher completed logs. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was obtained through the Loughborough University Human Participants Ethics Sub-Committee (Reference number: R16-P115). Findings will be disseminated via practitioner and/or research journals and to relevant regional and national stakeholders through print and online media and dissemination event(s)

Anatomy Nights: An international public engagement event increases audience knowledge of brain anatomy

Anatomy Nights is an international public engagement event created to bring anatomy and anatomists back to public spaces with the goal of increasing the public's understanding of their own anatomy by comparison with non-human tissues. The event consists of a 30-minute mini-lecture on the anatomy of a specific anatomical organ followed by a dissection of animal tissues to demonstrate the same organ anatomy. Before and after the lecture and dissection, participants complete research surveys designed to assess prior knowledge and knowledge gained as a result of participation in the event, respectively. This study reports the results of Anatomy Nights brain events held at four different venues in the UK and USA in 2018 and 2019. Two general questions were asked of the data: 1) Do participant postevent test scores differ from pre-event scores; and 2) Are there differences in participant scores based on location, educational background, and career. We addressed these questions using a combination of generalized linear models (R's glm function; R version 4.1.0 [R Core Team, 2014]) that assumed a binomial distribution and implemented a logit link function, as well as likelihood estimates to compare models. Survey data from 91 participants indicate that scores improve on post-event tests compared to pre-event tests, and these results hold irrespective of location, educational background, and career. In the pre-event tests, participants performed well on naming structures with an English name (frontal lobe and brainstem), and showed signs of improvement on other anatomical names in the posttest. Despite this improvement in knowledge, we found no evidence that participation in Anatomy Nights improved participants' ability to apply this knowledge to neuroanatomical contexts (e.g., stroke)

DYNAMIC EVALUATION OF A PINNED ANCHORING SYSTEM FOR NEW YORK STATE’S TEMPORARY CONCRETE BARRIERS

Temporary concrete barrier (TCB) systems are utilized in many circumstances, including for placement adjacent to vertical dropoffs. Free-standing TCB systems are known to have relatively large deflections when impacted, which may be undesirable when dealing with limited space behind the barrier (as seen on a bridge deck) or limited lane width in front of the barrier system. In order to allow TCB systems to be used in space-restricted locations, a variety of TCB stiffening options have been tested, including beam stiffening and pinning the barriers to the pavement. These pavement-pinning procedures have been considered time-consuming and may pose undue risk to work-zone personnel who are anchoring the barrier on the traffic-side face. Thus, a means of reducing TCB deflections while reducing risk to workers was deemed necessary. The primary research objective was to evaluate the potential for pinning alternate barrier sections on the back-side toe of the New York State’s New Jersey-shape TCBs and evaluate the barrier system according to the Test Level 3 (TL-3) criteria set forth in MASH. The research study included one 2270P full-scale vehicle crash test with a Dodge Quad Cab pickup truck. Four 151⁄2-in. (394-mm) long, vertical steel pins were placed through holes on the back-side toe of alternating barrier sections and inserted into drilled holes within the rigid concrete surface. Following the successful redirection of the pickup truck, the safety performance of the pinned anchoring system was determined to be acceptable according to the TL-3 evaluation criteria specified in MASH using the 2270P vehicle. However, it should be noted that significant barrier deflections were observed during the crash test and may be greater than those desired for work areas with restricted space

Blood Flow Restriction Training After Patellar INStability (BRAINS Trial)

Background Patellar instability is a common and understudied condition that disproportionally affects athletes and military personnel. The rate of post-traumatic osteoarthritis that develops following a patellar dislocation can be up to 50% of individuals 5–15 years after injury. Conservative treatment is the standard of care for patellar instability however, there are no evidence-informed rehabilitation guidelines in the scientific literature. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of blood-flow restriction training (BFRT) for patellar instability. Our hypotheses are that this strategy will improve patient-reported outcomes and accelerate restoration of symmetric strength and knee biomechanics necessary to safely return to activity. Methods/Design This is a parallel-group, superiority, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial at the University of Kentucky, sports medicine clinic that aims to recruit 78 patients with acute patellar dislocations randomly allocated into two groups: (1) sham BFRT and (2) BFRT. Both groups will receive the current standard of care physical therapy 3 times per week for up to 9 weeks. Physical therapy sessions will consist of typical standard of care treatment followed by BFRT or sham BFRT. Primary outcomes include the Norwich Patellar Instability Scale, quadriceps strength, and imaging and biochemical biomarkers of cartilage degradation. Discussion The current standard of care for non-operative treatment of patellar instability is highly variable does not adequately address the mechanisms necessary to restore lower extremity function and protect the long-term health of articular cartilage following injury. This proposed novel intervention strategy uses an easily implementable therapy to evaluate if BFRT significantly improves patient-reported outcomes, function, and joint health over the first year of recovery. Trial Registration Blood Flow Restriction Training, Aspiration, and Intraarticular Normal Saline (BRAINS) NCT04554212. Registered on 18 September 2020

Ethofumesate-resistant annual bluegrass (Poa annua) in grass seed production systems

The prolific seed production and polyploidy of annual bluegrass allow for the rapid development of herbicide resistance. Ethofumesate-resistant annual bluegrass plants were identified in the 1990s in grass seed production in Oregon, but their prevalence and distribution are not well documented. Therefore a dose–response experiment was initiated to determine the potential level of ethofumesate resistance in seed production systems. Seeds from 55 annual bluegrass populations were obtained from three sources: seed production fields (31 populations), the seed cleaning process (6 populations), and seed testing lots prior to retail distribution (18 populations). Additionally, two populations, one with known ethofumesate resistance and one with known susceptibility, were identified in preliminary testing and used as controls in this experiment. Seed from each collected population was increased. Individual seedlings were then transplanted into separate cone-tainers, grown to a size of 2 to 3 tillers in the greenhouse, and then sprayed using a compressed air track spray chamber with 10 doses of ethofumesate at 0, 0.56, 1.1, 2.8, 5.6, 8.4, 11.2, 16.8, 22.4, and 44.8 kg ai ha−1, with 0.84 to 2.2 kg ha−1 as the label application rate for perennial ryegrass. The resistant to susceptible ratio of populations across all sources ranged from 0.5 to 5.5. The most resistant populations found in production fields, seed cleaning, and seed testing lots had the effective dose necessary to kill 50% of the population (ED50) of 12.1, 9.4, and 13.1 kg ha−1, respectively. Furthermore, 68% of the populations found in production fields had ED50 higher than 6 kg ha−1, indicating common annual bluegrass resistance in grass seed production. As such, growers should implement integrated weed management strategies, as herbicides alone will likely be ineffective at controlling annual bluegrass