Investigations on some physiological parameters involved in chlorosis occurrence in different grapevine rootstocks and a Vitis vinifera cultivar

1-year-old grapevine cuttings were grown in pots in order to test, during the growing period, the changes of some leaf compounds related to chlorosis occurrence (chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophyll, Fe++ , macronutrients and trace elements). The genotypes tested were three rootstocks showing an increasing degree of chlorosis resistance (Vitis riparia x V. rupestris 101-14, V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO 4, V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140 Ru) and a V. vinifera variety (Chardonnay), each of them grown in both a calcareous and a non-calcareous soil. At the end of the growing period, the whole cuttings were analysed to test the macronutrients and trace elements content of the dry matter. The most important findings are During the growing period, the chlorophyll and leaf Fe++ content first increases and then decreases.The rootstock most susceptible to chlorosis (101-14) shows in the calcareous soil the highest Fe and total leaf chlorophyll content, while the most resistant one (140 Ru) has the lowest values. Therefore, the analysis of such parameters is not a suitable tool to screen rootstocks for chlorosis resistance.Suitable tools to judge the resistance/susceptibility to lime-induced chlorosis in ungrafted rootstocks grown on calcareous soils are: a) the dry matter production at the end of the annual growing cycle; b) the 'iron efficiency ratio' (g dry matter/mg iron) in the shoot at the end of the annual growing period

Effect of grafting on grapevine chlorosis and hydraulic conductivity

In a pot experiment the following grapevines were grown in a calcareous soil: Pinot blanc own-rooted and self-grafted, grafted on SO 4 and on 3309 C; SO 4 own-rooted, self-grafted and grafted on Pinot blanc; 3309 C own-rooted, self-grafted and grafted on Pinot blanc. The occurrence of chlorosis was strongly affected by graft combinations. In self-grafted 3309 C plants the specific conductivity was significantly reduced as compared to own-rooted ones. Own-rooted SO 4 plants showed the highest specific conductivity, associated with the highest rate of shoot growth and leaf chlorophyll content

Effect of root infection with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mosseae in improving Fe-efficiency of grapevine ungrafted rootstocks

Woody cuttings from three ungrafted rootstocks, with decreasing resistance to lime-induced chlorosis (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140 Ru; V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO 4; V. riparia x V. rupestris 101-14), were potted in unsterile calcareous soil with Pseudomonas fluorescens cells and Glomus mosseae inoculum to test the effects of these organisms on some physiological parameters involved in chlorosis occurrence. The most significant findings are:(i) P. fluorescens and G. mosseae treatments increase ferrous iron and chlorophyll leaf content in the rootstock more susceptible to lime-induced chlorosis (101-14);(ii) increased mycorrhizal colonization, over the control, enhances N, P, Mn and Cu concentration in leaf fresh matter.Effetto dell'infezione radicale con Pseudomonas fluorescens e Glomus mosseae sulla nutrizione ferrica di portinnesti di vite non innestatiTalee legnose di tre genotipi portinnesto con resistenza decrescente alla clorosi da calcare (V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 140 Ru; V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO 4; V. riparia x V. rupestris 101-14) sono state coltivate in vaso su un terreno calcareo non sterilizzato, dopo aver infettato le radici con il battere Pseudomonas fluorescens ed il fungo micorrizico Glomus mosseae. L'obiettivo della ricerca era quello di controllare l'effetto di questi organismi sul manifestarsi del fenomeno clorotico, valutato mediante la misura del contenuto fogliare di clorofilla e di ferro ferroso. I risultati principali possono essere cosi sintetizzati: (i) i trattamenti con il battere ed il fungo micorrizico hanno aumentato il tenore fogliare di ferro ferroso e di clorofilla nel genotipo piu sensibile alla clorosi da calcare (101-14);(ii) la percentuale di infezione micorrizica e risultata correlata positivamente con Je concentrazioni fogliari di N, P, Mn e Cu

Influence of the rootstock and potassium fertilizer on phytoalexin synthesis in Pinot blanc grown in a calcareous soil

Plants of cv. Pinot blanc, grafted on Vitis berlandieri x V. riparia Kober 5 BB, V. berlandieri x V. riparia SO 4, V. berlandieri x V. rupestris 1103 P, were grown in pots at two levels of potassium supply (0 g K2O/pot and 2 g K2O/pot) in order to test the phytoalexin synthesis in the leaves. The experimental plan included also the macronutrient, trace element and chlorophyll contents of the leaves. The most important findings are: a) Resveratrol synthesis decreases from Kober 5 BB to SO 4 and 1103 P, while leaf chlorophyll content increases. b) Resveratrol synthesis is higher in the plants without potassium supply

Lime-induced chlorosis of grapevine as affected by rootstock and root infection with arbuscular mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas fluorescens

Grapevine cuttings (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot blanc, clone VCR 5), grafted on 3309 C, a lime-susceptible rootstock, SO 4, a medium lime-tolerant rootstock and 41 B, a lime-tolerant rootstock, were grown in pots containing unsterilized calcareous soil. Before potting, the roots of the grafted plants were inoculated with a suspension of a mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens and with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM! fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, in order to investigate the effect of these microorganisms on the severity of lime-induced chlorosis. The most significant findings were:Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mosseae treatments increased Fe and chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves and thus lime tolerance in plants grafted on 3309 C and 41 B;the positive effect of VAM treatment was associated with increased levels of root infection and lower root growth;the bacterial treatment improved the establishment of VAM fungi;fruit quality of the susceptible graft combination raised to the level of untreated Pinot blanc/SO 4 vines due to the root treatments

Investigations on the influence of N fertilizer on resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium tuckeri) downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and on phytoalexin synthesis in different grapevine varieties

1-year-old grapevine cuttings (cvs. Gf Ga-58-30, Fr 993-60, Riesling, Kerner) were grown in a greenhouse in pots at four levels of nitrogen supply, in order to test their resistance to powdery mildew, downy mildew, and their possible stilbene synthesis.Our most significant findings are that: increased rates of nitrogen supply decrease the degree of resistance against powdery and downy mildew and phytoalexin (stilbene) synthesis; the hybrids (Gf Ga-58-30 and Fr 993-60) show a higher powdery and downy mildew resistance and a higher stiloene synthesis than the V. 11inifera varieties (Riesling and Kerner); the amount of stilbene (resveratrol and E-viniferin) increases during the growing cycle

Field evaluation of new plant protection products against Plasmopara viticola

One of the most dangerous fungal diseases in viticulture is downy mildew. Copper-based active ingredients have been used for a long time to protect vines against Plasmopara viticola and they have always maintained an important role in the defense of vines especially for organic production. On the other hand, copper accumulates in the soil causing toxicity with negative consequences on plants and soil fauna. For this reason, new formulations with lower copper content have been considered. In recent years, foliar fertilizers have been studied, in particular those based on phosphites that, along with the nutritional function, stimulate the production of phytoalexins. Those metabolites cause the induced systemic resistance and act directly in the break of cell membranes of pathogens. This study aims to investigate the efficacy against downy mildew of a commercial product based on phosphites and of a new copper- based foliar fertilizer, where copper is chelated with gluconic acid and aminoacids of plant origin. Based on present results, phosphites significantly reduced the infection, without anyway achieving the defense effectiveness of the copper-based treatment however they ensure a significant reduction of the doses of copper necessary to achieve adequate levels of vineyard protection

Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. 2. Genotype response to stress conditions

Research NoteOne-year-old cuttings from 7 Vitis species (V. amurensis Rupr., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Bentham, V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. monticola Buckl., V. riparia Michx.) were grown in pots containing non-calcareous and calcareous soil. Leaves selected in the middle of the second year's growing season were assayed to test the iron concentration of the dry matter and the total iron uptake. The most significant findings of the trial were: a) shoot growth of V. amurensis, V. longii, V. monticola and V. riparia was strongly depressed by the calcareous soil; b) V. berlandieri and V. californica took up higher amounts of iron when growing in the calcareous soil; c) a high ash alkalinity occurred in chlorotic leaves of V. riparia compared to non-chlorotic leaves at the same iron concentration

Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. I. Pot trial calareous soil

One-year-old cutting from eleven Vitis spp. (V. aestivalis Michx., V. amurensis Rupr., V. andersonii Rehder, V. arizonica Engelm., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Bentham, V. champini Plancch., V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. monticola Buckl., V. riparia Michx.) were grown in pot of a calcareous soil. Leaves selected in the middle of the annual growing season were assayed for total chlorophyll, macronutrients, oligo-element and ash alkalinity. At the end of the annual growing cycle the whole plants were analyzed for the iron concentration of the dry matter. The most significant findings were:V. berlandieri, V champini and V. cinerea ranked in the high tolerant group; V. arizonica, V. californica, V. longii and V. monticola in the tolerant group; V. aestivalis, V. amurensis, V. andersonii and V. riparia in the susceptible group;it is likely to exist two different mechanisms of tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis: an adaptive one for V. berlandieri and V. cinerea and a protective one for V. champin