Research NoteOne-year-old cuttings from 7 Vitis species (V. amurensis Rupr., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Bentham, V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. monticola Buckl., V. riparia Michx.) were grown in pots containing non-calcareous and calcareous soil. Leaves selected in the middle of the second year's growing season were assayed to test the iron concentration of the dry matter and the total iron uptake. The most significant findings of the trial were: a) shoot growth of V. amurensis, V. longii, V. monticola and V. riparia was strongly depressed by the calcareous soil; b) V. berlandieri and V. californica took up higher amounts of iron when growing in the calcareous soil; c) a high ash alkalinity occurred in chlorotic leaves of V. riparia compared to non-chlorotic leaves at the same iron concentration

Bavaresco, L.

Fregoni, M.

Perino, A.

English

Research NoteOne-year-old cuttings from 7 Vitis species (V. amurensis Rupr., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Bentham, V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. monticola Buckl., V. riparia Michx.) were grown in pots containing non-calcareous and calcareous soil. Leaves selected in the middle of the second year\u27s growing season were assayed to test the iron concentration of the dry matter and the total iron uptake. The most significant findings of the trial were: a) shoot growth of V. amurensis, V. longii, V. monticola and V. riparia was strongly depressed by the calcareous soil; b) V. berlandieri and V. californica took up higher amounts of iron when growing in the calcareous soil; c) a high ash alkalinity occurred in chlorotic leaves of V. riparia compared to non-chlorotic leaves at the same iron concentration

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Vitis 34 (4), 233-234 (1995) Research Note Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. 11. Genotype response to stress conditions L. BAVAREsco, M. FREGONI and A. PERINO S u m m a r y : One-year-old cuttings from 7 Vitis species (V. amurensis Rupr., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Ben-tham, V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. monticola Buck!., V. riparia Michx.) were grown in pots containing non-calcareous and calcareous soil. Leaves selected in the middle of the second year's growing season were assayed to test the iron concentra-tion of the dry matter and the total iron uptake. The most signifi-cant findings of the trial were: a) shoot growth of V. amurensis, V. longii, V. monticola and V. riparia was strongly depressed by the calcareous soil; b) V. berlandieri and V. californica took up higher amounts of iron when growing in the calcareous soil; c) a high ash alkalinity occurred in chlorotic leaves of V. riparia com-pared to non-chlorotic leaves at the same iron concentration. K e y w o r d s : Vitis species, lime-induced chlorosis, ash alkalinity, iron. Introduction: Some physiological parameters of 10 Vitis species growing in calcareous soil have been reported in the first part of this paper (BAVAREsco et al. 1994). The species behaved according to the degree of tolerance/sus-ceptibility to lime-induced chlorosis as indicated by the main ampelqgraphic treatises, except for V. champinii , which is considered to be susceptible by GALET (1988), while it behaved like tolerant. This paper deals with seven species out of the above mentioned 10, comparing their behaviour in two different soils. Materials and methods: One-year-old grapevine cuttings from the Vitis species V. amurensis Rupr., V. berlandieri Planch., V. californica Bentham., V. cinerea Engelm., V. longii Prince, V. mon-ticola Buck!., V. riparia Michx. were grown in 10-1-pots containing non-calcare-ous and calcareous soil. The non-calcareous soil was pre-pared by mixing one part of peat, one part of soil and two parts of sand, while the calcareous soil was collected from the field: pH (Hp)= 8.4; 64 % total carbonates; 19 % active lime. Soil moisture was maintained near field ca-pacity by drip irrigation. 14 plants of each species (7 plants for each soil) were trained to two shoots and the pots were placed open-air at a platform with a hail protection net. Young leaves (3rd to 6th leaf from the shoot tip) were sam-pled 75 d after bud burst; the leaves were washed for 1 min in a 1 % NaOCl solution, then rinsed for 3 min in tap water and analysed as follows. C h 1 o r o p h y 11 s : Chlorophyll (Chi) a, b and total Chi were extracted from leaf discs by using 80 % acetone for 72 h in the dark at 4 oc (TORRECILLAS et al. 1984). The Chi concentrations were determined by reading the absorb-Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, I-29100 Piacenza, Italy. Fax: (523) 599268. ance at 665 and 649 nm and calculated using the equations given by STRAIN and SVEC (1966). A s h a 1 k a 1 i n i t y : Ash alkalinity was assayed by the method of JuNGK (1968). 0.25 g of oven-dried leaves (the remaining blades) were ground(< 1 mm) and ashed at 550 °C in a muffle-furnace for about 2 h till the ash got white. After cooling down, 15 ml of 0.1 N HCl was added to the ash, this was transferred into a flask and filled up to 100 ml with deionized water. A titratation with 0.1 N NaOH followed using 0.1 % methyl orange as indicator. I r o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n : The concentration of Fe was assayed after wet destruction of the oven-dried leaves (the remaining blades), using atomic absorption spectrometry. C h 1 o r o s i s r a t i n g : The scale of PouGET and 0TTENWAELTER (1978) was utilized, ranking from 0 (no symptoms) to 5 (severe chlorosis, with more than 10% of the leaf blade being necrotic). At the end of the growing cycle (162 d after bud burst) the rating was repeated. At the end of the growing cycle the aerial parts of the plants were oven-dried, weighed and the iron concentra-tion was analysed. S tat is tic a 1 an a 1 y si s : One-way-ANOVA was applied comparing the behaviour of the genotypes grow-ing in the two soils. The data were recorded in the 2nd year, when the chlorosis symptoms were more distinct (BAVARESCO et al. 1992 and 1993 b). Results: The shoot dry matter (OM) was depressed sig-nificantly by the calcareous soil except for V. californica (Table). V. amurensis, V. longii, V. riparia, V. monticola showed the strongest effects. The calcareous soil depressed the leaf chlorophyll concentration of each genotype sig-nificantly, except for V. californica and V. cinerea. Ash alkalinity of all species, save V. cinerea, was higher in the calcareous soil (Table) and this parameter was related negatively to the Chi concentration (Figure). The iron concentration was affected significantly by the soil type only in leaves of V. amurensis, V. berlandieri and V. longii (Table), with higher values in the calcareous soil for V. amurensis and V. longii. In the most susceptible species (V. amurensis and V. riparia) the content of iron strongly decreased when growing on the calcareous soil (Table), while V. berlandieri and V. californica took up more iron under the same stress conditions. Discussion: The responses of the species to calcare-ous soil varied strongly. The most susceptible species, V. amurensis and V. riparia, have been very impaired by the calcareous soil; they produced 91 % and 63 % less shoot dry matter. On the other hand the shoot dry matter of the tolerant species was decreased only by 35 % (V. berlandieri) and 41 % (V. cinerea). The different behaviour of potted V. riparia and V. berlandieri with respect to iron chlorosis is related to modifications of some physiological param-eters at the root level, according to BRANCADORO et al. (1995). V. riparia showed chlorosis also when cultured in vitro on a medium containing high bicarbonate concen-234 L. BAVAREsco, M. FREGONI and A. PERINO Tab I e Percentage of variation of some leaf and shoot parameters of plants growing on calcareous versus non-calcareous (=I 00 %) soil (DM: dry matter; Chi: chlorophyll) V. amurensis V ber/andieri 'siioot nM -----glplant -91 % ** -35%** Tot. Chi mgiiOOgDM -19% ' -28% •• Ash Alkalinity meq/ IOOg +31%** +29% .. Fe (leaf) +61%** ppm -I So/ • •• ~--r--mglplant -98%** +46%* • statistical difference (p:S 0.05) between the two soils •• statistical difference (~ 0.01) between the two soils V califomlca +S% -10% +28% .. -2% ···- -+43%• tration (BAVAREsco et al. 1993 b). It is interesting to note that the medium-tolerant species V. californica increased its shoot dry matter by 5 % when growing in ~alcareous soil. The chlorophyll concentration of the leaves of the two susceptible species (v. riparia and V. amurensis) did not decrease under stress conditions to the same extent. In fact, V. riparia had the highest chlorophyll concentration when growing in the non-calcareous soil, while V. amurensis even under normal soil conditions was not able to synthesize as much chlorophyll. A parameter which emphasizes the differential re-sponse of the genotypes to stress conditions was the shoot iron content or, in other words, the capability of the plant to take up iron from the soil. V. berlandieri showed a high degree of tolerance by taking up 46 % more iron when growing on calcareous soil, while V. cinerea took up 25 % less iron. V. riparia and V. amurensis showed susceptibil-ity by taking up 88 % and 98 % less iron, respectively. Thus, the iron content of the shoots was stronger related to the occurrence of chlorosis than the leaf iron concentra-tion. Ash alkalinity seems to be responsible for different chlorophyll concentrations at the same iron level, as was already observed in a pot experiment with grafted plants (BAVARESCO et al. 1993 a). In fact, V. riparia had the same iron concentration in both soils, but different chlorophyll and alkalinity levels. The plants showing chlorosis symp-500 ,---- - - ---- - - -~ 400 Cl Ol 0 ~ 300 Ci ..s '5. 200 .r. a. 2 ~ 1 OO • Chlorotic leaves (.) + Green leaves 0 65 * Dark green leaves 73 81 * * + + 89 97 105 113 Ash alkalin ity (meq/100 g D.M) + 121 129 Figure: Correlation between leaf chlorophyll concentration and ash alkalinity. V. cinerea V /ongii V. monlicola V. riparia ··-c--- - ···-41%** -65% •• 49Gio •• .-63%** ---7% -12%* 47%•• -45% •• +7% +18%** +190/o •• +51%** +00/o +300/o •• -7% +7% -25o/o • -89%** ·90%** -88%•• toms had a higher ash alkalinity than the healthy, green ones. The ash alkalinity of leaves is related to the pH of the apoplast, increasing pH values of the leaf apoplast in-ducing a precipitation of Fe (Ill) oxide hydrate (MENGEL and GEURTZEN 1988). This may lead to a decrease ofthe iron uptake from the leaf apoplast into the mesophyll cells, resulting in decreased chlorophyll synthesis and chlorosis, while at the same time the iron concentration of the leaf does not change. The authors want to thank G. BRUZZI (lab crew) for his con-tribution to this project. BAVARESCO, L.; FRASCHINI, P.; PERINO, A.; 1993 a: Effect of the rootstock on the occurrence of lime-induced chlorosis of potted V. vinifera L. cv. "Pinot blanc". Plant Soill57, 305-311. - -; FREGONI, M.; FRASCHINI, P.; 1992: Investigations on some physiological parameters involved in chlorosis occurrence in grafted grapevines. J. PlantNutr.lS, 1791-1807. - -;- -; GAMBI, E.; 1993 b: In vitro method to screen grapevine genotypes for tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis. Vitis 32, 145-148. - -;- -; PERINO, A.; 1994: Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. !. Pot trial on calcareous soil. Vitis 33, 123-126. BRANCADORO, L.; RABOITI, G.; SciENZA,A.; ZoccHI, G.; 1995: Mechanisms of Fe-efficiency in roots of Vitis spp. in response to iron deficiency stress. Plant Soill71, 229-234. GALET, P.; 1988: Cepages et Vignobles de France. Tome I. Les Vignes Americaines. C. Dehan, Paris. JuNGK, A.; 1968: Die Alkalitat der Pflanzenasche als MaB fiir den KationeniiberschuB in der Pflanze. Z. Pflanzenemahr. Bodenk. 120, 99-105. MENGEL, K.; GEURTZEN, G.; 1988: Relationship between iron chlorosis and alkalinity in Zea mays. Physiol. Plant. 72, 460-465. PouGET, R; 0rrENWAELTER, M.; 1978: Etude de )' adaptation de nouvelles varietes de porte-greffes a des sots tres chlorosantes. Conn. Vigne Vin 12, 167-175. STRAIN, H. H.; SvEc, W. A.; 1966: Extraction, separation, estimation, and isolation of the chlorophylls. In: VERNON, L. P. and SEELY, G. R. (Eds.): The Chlorophylls, 21-66. Academic Press, London. TORRECILLAS, A.; LEON, A.; 0ELAMOR, F. ; MARTINEZ-MOMPEAN, M. C.; 1984: Detenninaci6n rapida de clorofila en discos foliares de limonero . Fruits 39,617-622. 

Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. 2. Genotype response to stress conditions

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Physiological aspects of lime-induced chlorosis in some Vitis species. 2. Genotype response to stress conditions

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