Tectonic denudation and topographic development in the Spanish Sierra Nevada

The denudation history of the rapidly uplifting western part of the Spanish Sierra Nevada was assessed using apatite fission track (AFT) ages and 10Be analyses of bedrock and fluvial sediments. Major contrasts in the denudation history are recorded within the 27 km2 Río Torrente catchment. Upland areas are characterized by low-relief, low slope angles, and locally the preservation of shallow marine sediments, which have experienced <200 m of erosion in the last 9 Myr. However, AFT age determinations from samples collected close to the marine sediments imply >2 km of denudation since circa 4 Ma. The minimum denudation rates of 0.4 mm yr−1 derived from AFT also contrast with the slow medium-term (104 years) erosion rates (0.044 ± 0.015 mm yr−1) estimated from 10Be measurements at high elevations. The local medium-long-term contrasts in denudation rates within the high Sierra Nevada indicate that much of the unroofing occurs by tectonic denudation on flat-lying detachments. In lower elevation parts of the catchment, rapid river incision coupled to rock uplift has produced ∼1.6 km of relief, implying that the rivers and adjacent hillslopes close to the edge of the orogen are sensitive to normal-fault-driven changes in base level. However, these changes are not transmitted into the low-relief slowly eroding upland areas. Thus the core of the mountain range continues to increase in elevation until the limits of crustal strength are reached and denudation is initiated along planes of structural weakness. We propose that this form of tectonic denudation provides an effective limit to relief in young orogens

Wait Up!: Attachment and Sovereign Power.

Sociologists and feminist scholars have, over many decades, characterised attachment as a social construction that functions to support political and gender conservatism. We accept that attachment theory has seen use to these ends and consider recent deployments of attachment theory as justification for a minimal State within conservative political discourse in the UK since 2009. However, we contest that attachment is reducible to its discursive construction. We consider Judith Butler's depiction of the infant attached to an abusive caregiver as a foundation and parallel to the position of the adult citizen subjected to punitive cultural norms and political institutions. We develop and qualify Butler's account, drawing on the insights offered by the work of Lauren Berlant. We also return to Foucault's Psychiatric Power lectures, in which familial relations are situated as an island of sovereign power within the sea of modern disciplinary institutions. These reflections help advance analysis of three important issues: the social and political implications of attachment research; the relationship between disciplinary and sovereign power in the affective dynamic of subjection; and the political and ethical status of professional activity within the psy disciplines.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10767-014-9192-

Cluster analysis of 36 genotypes of <i>Theobroma cacao</i> L. submitted to soil water deficit for 60 days, based on the Euclidean distance from the difference between control and drought for the variables TLAP, RDB, SDB, LDB, TDB, RGR, and leaf contents of Ca and Mg, using the method of hierarchical clustering Ward (1963).

<p>Cluster analysis of 36 genotypes of <i>Theobroma cacao</i> L. submitted to soil water deficit for 60 days, based on the Euclidean distance from the difference between control and drought for the variables TLAP, RDB, SDB, LDB, TDB, RGR, and leaf contents of Ca and Mg, using the method of hierarchical clustering Ward (1963).</p

Gene specific pairs of primers used in qPCR analysis.

<p>* <a href="http://cocoagendb.cirad.fr/" target="_blank">http://cocoagendb.cirad.fr/</a>;</p><p>** <a href="http://esttik.cirad.fr/index.html" target="_blank">http://esttik.cirad.fr/index.html</a>;</p><p>*** <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</a>.</p><p>Gene specific pairs of primers used in qPCR analysis.</p

Activity of Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) of <i>T.cacao</i> plants subjected to two watering regimes (well-watered and drought stress).

<p>A- Tolerant; B- Moderately tolerant; C- Sensitive genotypes. Open bars represent drought stress and closed bars represent well-watered. (⊤) - mean standard error. Number of replicates (n = 8), statistical significance for the differences between well-watered and drought stress treatments is indicated as follows: * P<0.05; ** P<0.01.</p

List of 36 cacao genotypes subjected to soil water deficit and their geographical origin, botanical group and gametic compatibility.

<p>List of 36 cacao genotypes subjected to soil water deficit and their geographical origin, botanical group and gametic compatibility.</p

Macro and micronutrients leaf content evaluated in 36 cacao genotypes.

<p>Statistical significance (Student's t-test) for the differences between control and drought treatments is indicated as follows: <i>P</i><0.05*; <i>P</i><0.01**. The means represent 6 replications ±/S.E.</p><p>Macro and micronutrients leaf content evaluated in 36 cacao genotypes.</p

Average daytime temperature and relative humidity of the air during the trial period.

<p>Average values of 60 days ± standard error.</p

Growth and biomass characteristics of cacao genotypes subjected to two water regimes.

<p>Statistical significance (Student's t-test) for the differences between control and drought treatments is indicated as follows: P<0.05*; P<0.01**. The means represent 6 replications ±/S.E.</p><p>Abbreviations: TLAP ×10⁻², total leaf area per plant (m² plant⁻¹); LNP, leaves number per plant; ILA ×10⁻², individual leaf area (m²); RDB, root dry biomass (g); SDB stem dry biomass (g); LDB, leaf dry biomass (g); SB, shoot biomass (g); TDB, total dry biomass (g); SLB, specific leaf biomass (g m⁻²); R/S, root/shoot ratio; PH, plant height (cm); LAR, leaf area ratio (dm² plant⁻¹); NAR, net assimilation rate (g dm⁻² day⁻¹); RGR, relative growth rate (g g⁻¹ day⁻¹); ARS, area of root system (cm²); RV, root volume (cm³); SD, stem diameter (mm).</p><p>Growth and biomass characteristics of cacao genotypes subjected to two water regimes.</p

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the correlation matrix for the variables TLAP, RDB, SDB, LDB, TDB, RGR, and leaf contents of Ca and Mg in 36 cacao genotypes subjected to soil water deficit for 60 days.

<p>Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the correlation matrix for the variables TLAP, RDB, SDB, LDB, TDB, RGR, and leaf contents of Ca and Mg in 36 cacao genotypes subjected to soil water deficit for 60 days.</p