Trends in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of future light duty electric vehicles

The majority of previous studies examining life cycle greenhouse gas (LCGHG) emissions of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) have focused on efficiency-oriented vehicle designs with limited battery capacities. However, two dominant trends in the US BEV market make these studies increasingly obsolete: sales show significant increases in battery capacity and attendant range and are increasingly dominated by large luxury or high-performance vehicles. In addition, an era of new use and ownership models may mean significant changes to vehicle utilization, and the carbon intensity of electricity is expected to decrease. Thus, the question is whether these trends significantly alter our expectations of future BEV LCGHG emissions. To answer this question, three archetypal vehicle designs for the year 2025 along with scenarios for increased range and different use models are simulated in an LCGHG model: an efficiency-oriented compact vehicle; a high performance luxury sedan; and a luxury sport utility vehicle. While production emissions are less than 10% of LCGHG emissions for today's gasoline vehicles, they account for about 40% for a BEV, and as much as two-thirds of a future BEV operated on a primarily renewable grid. Larger battery systems and low utilization do not outweigh expected reductions in emissions from electricity used for vehicle charging. These trends could be exacerbated by increasing BEV market shares for larger vehicles. However, larger battery systems could reduce per-mile emissions of BEVs in high mileage applications, like on-demand ride sharing or shared vehicle fleets, meaning that trends in use patterns may countervail those in BEV design

Analyzing Physical Education for Equality

On his last day in office, New Jersey\u27s Governor William T. Cahill signed into law A823, a bill prohibiting discrimination in the public schools of the State. The bill states simply: No pupil in a public school in this State shall be discriminated against in admission to, or in obtaining any advantages, privileges or courses of study of the school by reason of race, color, creed, sex or national origin

KEEPING IT ALL TOGETHER: THE CHALLENGE OF COMPLEXITY, REPUTATION, AND SUPPLY CHAIN CRISES

Supply chains are developed to reduce business expenses and increase efficiency. However, a disruption in the supply chain, or a failure in one of the links, can expose organizations to crises that can severely impact short-term bottom line and long-term corporate reputation. This study examines the communication challenges inherent in supply chain crises using Samsung’s 2016 Galaxy Note 7 phone crisis as a case study. Results of this study show, in a supply chain crisis, stakeholders hold the organization responsible, regardless of where in the supply chain the break occurred. This study also examines the impact of complexity inherent to supply chain crises and the challenges organizations face during a crisis when organizational reputation is impacted by links in the supply chain outside the organization’s direct control

Volatile organic compounds in the New England troposphere: Atmospheric chemistry and measurement techniques

Atmospheric measurements made at Appledore Island, Maine were used to investigate nighttime nitrate radical (NO3) chemistry and its significance for the nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) budget in the Gulf of Maine region during the summer of 2004 International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation field campaign. Removal of NOx was strongly dependent on reactions of NO3 with biogenic volatile organic compounds and the fate of dinitrogen pentoxide (N 2O5). For three case studies, temporal profiles of NO 3 were calculated from measured parameters. Comparisons between measured and calculated NO3 mixing ratios highlighted significant uncertainties in the kinetic parameters governing gas-phase and heterogeneous N2O 5 hydrolysis. Removal of NOx was estimated to be ∼11 ppbv day-1, with nighttime chemical pathways contributing ∼50%. Atmospheric measurements made at the AIRMAP atmospheric monitoring station Thompson Farm (THF) during summer, 2004 were used to test the specificity of a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTA-MS) for atmospheric toluene measurements under conditions often dominated by biogenic emissions. Quantitative estimates were made of potential interferences in the PTR-MS toluene measurements related to sampling and analysis of monoterpenes, including fragmentation of the monoterpenes and some of their primary carbonyl oxidation products in the PTR-MS drift tube. The analysis supported only minor interferences from the investigated fragmentation sources, suggesting that toluene can be reliably quantified by PTR-MS with the operating parameters used, under the ambient compositions probed. This work extends the range of field conditions under which PTR-MS validation studies have been conducted. A GC instrument was developed for measurement of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the lower atmosphere. Its major features include a cold temperature analyte enrichment system, a robust porous polymer stationary phase capillary column and a flame thermionic detector. The instrument was deployed for a I week period in April, 2009 at THF. Measured HCN mixing ratios ranged between 0.07(3) and 0.33(3) ppbv, with significant temporal variability, and appeared to agree well with previous tropospheric measurements. Long term, in-situ atmospheric measurement of HCN is necessary to characterize the regional HCN budget and reduce uncertainty in the global budget. Few such measurements have been demonstrated at present

Interaction between Yeast Cdc6 Protein and B-Type Cyclin/Cdc28 Kinases

During purification of recombinant Cdc6 expressed in yeast, we found that Cdc6 interacts with the critical cell cycle, cyclin-dependent protein kinase Cdc28. Cdc6 and Cdc28 can be coimmunoprecipitated from extracts, Cdc6 is retained on the Cdc28-binding matrix p13-agarose, and Cdc28 is retained on an affinity column charged with bacterially produced Cdc6. Cdc6, which is a phosphoprotein in vivo, contains five Cdc28 consensus sites and is a substrate of the Cdc28 kinase in vitro. Cdc6 also inhibits Cdc28 histone H1 kinase activity. Strikingly, Cdc6 interacts preferentially with B-type cyclin/Cdc28 complexes and not Cln/Cdc28 in log-phase cells. However, Cdc6 does not associate with Cdc28 when cells are blocked at the restrictive temperature in a cdc34 mutant, a point in the cell cycle when the B-type cyclin/Cdc28 inhibitor p40Sic1 accumulates and purified p40Sic1 inhibits the Cdc6/Cdc28 interaction. Deletion of the Cdc28 interaction domain from Cdc6 yields a protein that cannot support growth. However, when overproduced, the mutant protein can support growth. Furthermore, whereas overproduction of wild-type Cdc6 leads to growth inhibition and bud hyperpolarization, overproduction of the mutant protein supports growth at normal rates with normal morphology. Thus, the interaction may have a role in the essential function of Cdc6 in initiation and in restraining mitosis until replication is complete