Photo and electroluminescence behavior of Tb(ACAC)3phen complex used as emissive layer on organic light emitting diodes

This work shows the luminescence properties of a rare-earth organic complex, the Tb(ACAC)3phen. The results show the 5D4 -> 7F3,4,5,6 transitions with no influence of any ligand emission. The photoluminescence excitation spectrum is tentatively interpreted by the ligands absorption. An OLED was made by thermal evaporation (total thickness of 1200 Å) using TPD and Alq3 as hole and electron transport layers, respectively. The light emission reproduces the photoluminescence spectrum of the terbium complex at room temperature, with CIE (x,y) color coordinates of (0.28, 0.55). No presence of any bands from the ligands was observed. The potential use of this compound in efficient devices is discussed

Morphology and damping behavior of polyurethane/PMMA simultaneous interpenetrating networks

A series of polyurethane/PMMA simultaneous interpenetrating networks (SINs) with various hard segment contents (X) in the polyurethane phase (X = 15.5 to 36.5% in polyurethane) and wide range of polyurethane (PU) to polyacrylate (PA) ratio (PU/PA = 20:80 to 80:20) were prepared, and the damping and mechanical properties of these materials were studied. The damping of polyurethane soft phase was increased and shifted to lower temperature with increased content of PA vitreous phase. The mechanical properties were improved with increasing PA contents. The results show that PA and the polyurethane hard segment interaction play a special role in chain interpenetration density and its magnitude is revealed by the decreased dispersed domain size observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and increased loss area as measured by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). When the weight ratio of PU/PA was 40:60, the resulting SIN materials possessed better damping properties, independent of X concentration

Synthesis and photophysical study of a conjugated-non-conjugated oligoazomethine

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)A soluble conjugated-non-conjugated oligoazomethyne, namely oligo[(oxyoctyleneoxy-(2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-phenylenemethylidinonitrile-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-nitrilomethylidine)], was synthesized through the reaction of 1,8-bis(4-formyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)octane and 2,4-diamine-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine. Fluorescence and excitation spectra in solution and in the solid state brought evidence of strong intermacromolecular interaction, giving raise to aggregated emitting species, formed in the ground state. Only spectra of diluted solutions were sensitive to protonation, showing an emission red-shifting of 26 nm and two new emissions at 405 and 430 nm. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1297720728Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)MCT/PADCT/IMMPConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)FAEPEX/UnicampFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Synthesis and photophysical properties of a novel soluble polyquinoline

Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of the poly{[(2,2'-bis-(4-phenylquinoline)-1,4-phenylene]-alt-phenoxy}(n), a novel quinoline derived copolymer with ether linkages, are described. Polymerization reaction occurred through nucleophilic aromatic substitution between an aromatic halogen and a phenol. Structural characterization was made by FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA and GPC. Ultraviolet, fluorescence and excitation spectroscopy were used for analysis of photophysical properties. The ether linkages, apart from providing better solubility compared to full conjugated quinoline copolymers, made it possible to access the photophysical properties of the quinoline moiety as a constituent of a polymer backbone, since these linkages are responsible for the confinement of the chromophoric unit. The role played by protonation in photophysical behavior was also considered, since this class of polymers is only soluble in strong acid media. This work comprised the study of the photophysical properties of nitrogen containing polymers with confined conjugation and the role of this element in some interesting properties. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.129211912

Polymeric Light Emitting Devices [dispositivos Polimŕricos Eletroluminescentes]

Here we present an overview of electroluminescent devices that use conjugated polymers as the active media. The principal components of the devices are described and we show some examples of conjugated polymers and copolymers usually employed in polymeric light emitting devices (PLED), Some aspects of the photo and electroluminescence properties as well as of the energy transfer processes are discussed. As an example, we present some of the photophysical properties of poly(fluorene)s, a class of conjugated polymers with blue emission.292277286Shirakawa, H., Louis, E.J., MacDiarmid, A.G., Chiang, C.K., Heeger, A.J., (1977) J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 16, p. 578Chiang, C.K., Ficher, C.R., Park, Y.W., Heeger, A.J., Shirakawa, H., Louis, E.J., Gau, S.C., MacDiarmid, A.G., (1977) Phys. Rev. Lett., 39, p. 1098Burroughes, J.H., Bradley, D.D.C., Brown, A.R., Marks, R.N., Mackay, K., Friend, R.H., Burns, P.L., Holmes, A.B., (1990) Nature, 347, p. 539Miyata, S., Nalma, H.S., (1997) Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices, , Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: TokyoFriend, R.H., Gymer, R.W., Homes, A.B., Burroughes, J.H., Marks, R.N., Taliani, C., Bradley, D.D.C., Salaneck, W.R., (1999) Nature, 397, p. 121Yu, G., Gao, J., Hummelen, J.C., Wudl, F., Heeger, A.J., (1995) Science, 270, p. 1789Halls, J.J.M., Walsh, C.A., Greenham, N.C., Marseglia, E.A., Friend, R.H., Moratti, S.C., Holmes, A.B., (1995) Nature, 376, p. 498Brabec, C.J., Sariciftci, N.S., Hummelen, J.C., (2001) Adv. Funct. Mater., 11, p. 15Garnier, F., Hajlaoui, R., Yassar, A., Srivastava, P., (1994) Science, 265, p. 1684Yang, Y., Heeger, A.J., (1994) Nature, 372, p. 344Sirringhaus, H., Tessler, N., Friend, R.H., (1998) Science, 280, p. 1741Tessler, N., Denton, G.J., Friend, R.H., (1996) Nature, 382, p. 695Hide, F., Schwartz, B.J., Diazgarcia, M.A., Heeger, A.J., (1996) Chem. Phys. Lett., 256, p. 424Berggren, M., Dodabalapur, A., Slusher, R.E., Bao, Z., (1997) Nature, 389, p. 466Gupta, R., Stevenson, M., McGehee, M.D., Dogariu, A., Srdanov, V., Park, J.Y., Heeger, A.J., (1999) Synth. Met., 102, p. 875Tessler, N., Ho, P.K.H., Cleave, V., Pinner, D.J., Friend, R.H., Yahioglu, G., Le Barny, P., Rumbles, G., (2000) Thin Solid Films, 363, p. 64Crone, B., Dodabalapur, A., Lin, Y.Y., Filas, R.W., Bao, Z., LaDuca, A., Sarpeshkar, R., Li, W., (2000) Nature, 403, p. 521Akcelrud, L., (2003) Prog. Polym. Sci., 28, p. 875Machado, A.M., Motta Neti, J.D., Cossiello, R.F., Atvars, T.D.Z., Karasz, F.E., Akcelrud, L., (2005) Polymer, 46, p. 2452Deus, J.F., Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z., Akcelrud, L., (2004) Chem. Phys., 297, p. 117Deus, J.F., Corradini, W.A., Atvars, T.D.Z., Akcelrud, L., (2004) Macromolecules, 37, p. 6938Pei, J., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Zhang, X., Lai, Y., Huang, W., (2003) Macromolecules, 36, p. 323Burrows, H.D., Melo, J.S., Serpa, C., Arnaut, L.G., Miguel, M.G., Monkman, A.P., Hamblett, I., Navaratnam, S., (2002) Chem. Phys., 285, p. 3Rothe, C., Palsson, L.O., Monkman, A.P., (2002) Chem. Phys., 285, p. 95Tirapattur, S., Belletête, M., Drolet, N., Leclerc, M., Durocher, G., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 8889Zeng, G., Yu, W., Chua, S., Huang, W., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 6907Ding, J., Day, M., Robertson, G., Roovers, J., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 3474Palsson, L., Wang, C., Russell, D.L., Monkman, A.P., Bryce, M.R., Rumbles, G., Samuel, I.D.W., (2002) Chem. Phys., 279, p. 229Zhan, X., Liu, Y., Wu, X., Wang, S., Zhu, D., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 2529Lupton, J.M., Klein, J., (2002) Chem. Phys. Lett., 363, p. 204Rothe, C., Hintschich, S.I., Palsson, L., Monkman, A.P., Guentner, R., Scherf, U., (2002) Chem. Phys. Lett., 360, p. 111Cornil, J., Gueli, I., Dkhissi, A., Garcia, J.C.S., Hennebicq, E., Calbert, J.P., Lemaur, V., Brédas, J.L., (2003) J. Chem. Phys., 118, p. 6615Pasini, M., Destri, S., Porzio, W., Botta, C., Giovanella, U., (2003) J. Mater. Chem., 13, p. 807Herz, L.M., Silva, C., Phillips, R.T., Setayesh, S., Müllen, K., (2001) Chem. Phys. Lett., 347, p. 318Meskers, S.C.J., Hübner, J., Oestreich, M., Bässler, H., (2001) Chem. Phys. Lett., 339, p. 223Buckley, A.R., Rahn, M.D., Hill, J., Cabanillas-Gonzalez, J., Foz, A.M., Bradley, D.D.C., (2001) Chem. Phys. Lett., 339, p. 331Geng, Y., Trajkovska, A., Katsis, D., Ou, J.J., Culligan, S.W., Chen, S.H., (2002) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, p. 8337Meskers, S.C.J., Hübner, J., Oestreich, M., Bässler, H., (2001) J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, p. 9139Lemmer, U., Hein, S., Mahrt, R.F., Scherf, U., Hopmeir, M., Wiegner, U., Gobel, R.O., Bassler, H., (1995) Chem. Phys. Lett., 240, p. 371Charas, A., Morgado, J., Martinho, J.M.G., Alcácer, L., Lim, S.F., Friend, R.H., Cacialli, F., (2003) Polymer, 44, p. 1843Yu, W.L., Pei, J., Huang, W., Heeger, A.J., (2000) Adv. Mater., 12, p. 828Virgili, T., Lidzey, D.G., Bradley, D.D.C., (2000) Adv. Mater., 12, p. 58Whitehead, K.S., Grell, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Jandke, M., Strohriegl, P., (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, p. 2946Grell, M., Knoll, W., Lupo, D., Meisel, A., Miteva, T., Neher, D., Nothofer, H.G., Yasuda, A., (1999) Adv. Mater., 11, p. 671Yang, Y., Pei, Q., (1997) Appl. Phys. Lett., 81, p. 3294Lee, J., Klaerner, G., Miller, R.D., (1999) Chem. Mater., 11, p. 1083Klaerner, G., Lee, J.K., Davey, M.H., Miller, R.D., (1999) Adv. Mater., 11, p. 115Kreyenschimdt, M., Klaerner, G., Fuhrer, T., Ashenhurst, J., Karg, S., Chen, W., Lee, V.Y., Miller, R.D., (1998) Macromolecules, 31, p. 1099Bliznyuk, V.N., Carter, S.A., Scott, J.C., Klaerner, G., Miller, R.D., (1999) Macromolecules, 32, p. 361Yang, Y., Pei, Q., (1996) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118, p. 7416He, Y., Gong, S., Hattori, R., Kanicki, J., (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, p. 2265Yu, W., Cao, Y., Pei, J., Huang, W., Heeger, A.J., (1999) Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, p. 3270Yu, W., Pei, J., Cao, Y., Huang, W., Heeger, A.J., (1999) Chem. Commun., 18, p. 1837Liu, B., Yu, W., Lai, Y., Huang, W., (2000) Chem. Commun., 7, p. 551Sainova, D., Miteva, T., Nothofer, H., Scherf, U., Glowacki, I., Ulanski, J., Fujikawa, H., Neher, D., (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, p. 1810Weinfurtner, K., Fujikawa, H., Tokito, S., Taga, Y., (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, p. 2502Jenekhe, S.A., Osaheni, J.A., (1994) Science, 265, p. 765Liu, B., Yu, W., Lai, Y., Huang, W., (2000) Macromolecules, 33, p. 8945Grell, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Ungar, G., Hill, J., Whitehead, K.S., (1999) Macromolecules, 32, p. 5810Cadby, A.J., Lane, P.A., Wohlgenannt, M., An, C., Vardeny, Z.V., Bradley, D.D.C., (2000) Synth. Met., 111-112, p. 515Bauer, C., Urbasch, G., Giessen, H., Meisel, A., Nothofer, H., Neher, D., Scherf, U., Mahrt, R.F., (2000) Chem. Phys. Chem., 3, p. 142Zhan, X., Lui, Y., Yu, G., Wu, X., Zhu, D., Sun, R., Wang, D., Epstein, A.J., (2001) J. Mater. Chem., 11, p. 1606Leclerc, M., (2001) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 39, p. 2867Kameshima, H., Nemoto, N., Endo, T., (2001) J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 39, p. 3143Suh, Y., Ko, S.W., Jung, B., Shim, H., (2002) Opt. Mater., 21, p. 109Bliznyuk, V.N., Carter, S.A., Scott, J.C., Klärner, G., Miller, R.D., Miller, D.C., (1999) Macromolecules, 32, p. 361Cadby, A.J., Lane, P.A., Mellor, H., Martin, S.J., Grell, M., Giebeler, C., Bradley, D.D.C., Vardeny, Z.V., (2000) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Matter. Phys., 62, p. 15604Lee, J.I., Lee, V.Y., Miller, R.D., (2002) ETRI J., 24, p. 409Grell, M., Redecker, M., Whitehead, K.S., Bradley, D.D.C., Inbasekaran, M., Woo, E.P., Wu, W., Liq. Cryst., , no preloGrell, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Inbasekaran, M., Woo, E.P., (1997) Adv. Mater., 9, p. 798Grell, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Adv. Mater., , no preloSchartel, B., Wachtendorf, V., Grell, M., Bradley, D.D.C., Hennecke, M., (1999) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 60, p. 277Long, X., Grell, M., Malinowski, A., Bradley, D.D.C., (1998) Opt. Mater., 9, p. 70Weinfurtner, K.H., Weissortel, F., Harmgarth, G., Salbeck, J., (1998) Proc. SPIE., 3476, p. 40Geng, Y.H., Katsis, D., Culligan, S.W., Ou, J.J., Chen, S.H., Rothberg, L.J., (2002) Chem. Mater., 14, p. 463Katsis, D., Geng, Y.H., Culligan, S.W., Trajkovska, A., Chen, S.H., Rothberg, L., (2002) Chem. Mater., 14, p. 1332Andersson, M.R., Yu, G., Heeger, A.J., (1997) Synth. Met., 85, p. 1275Xu, B., Holdcroft, S., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 4457Swanson, L.S., Shinar, J., Ding, Y.W., Barton, T.J., (1993) Synth. Met., 55, p. 1Greenham, N.C., Brown, A.R., Bradley, D.D.C., (1994) Adv. Mater., 6, p. 491Greenham, N.C., Brown, A.R., Bradley, D.D.C., Friend, R.H., (1993) Synth. Met., 57, p. 4134Braun, D., Gustafsson, G., McBranch, D., Heeger, A.J., (1992) J. Appl. Phys., 72, p. 564Mao, H., Xu, B., Holdcroft, S., (1993) Macromolecules, 26, p. 1163Uchida, M., Ohmori, Y., Morishima, C., Yoshino, K., (1993) Synth. Met., 57, p. 4168Tada, K., Sonoda, T., Yokota, Y., Kobashi, K., Yoshino, K., (1998) J. Appl. Phys., 84, p. 5635Klaerner, G., Miller, R.D., (1998) Macromolecules, 31, p. 2007Jiang, X., Liu, S., Ma, H., Jen, A.K.Y., (2000) Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, p. 1813Rehahn, M., Schluter, A.D., Wegner, G., Feast, W.J., (1989) Polymer, 30, p. 1054Yamamoto, T., Morita, A., Miyazaki, Y., Maruyama, T., Wakayama, H., Zhou, Z.H., Nakamura, Y., Kanbara, T., (1992) Macromolecules, 25, p. 1214Kannan, R., He, G.S., Yuan, L., Faming, X., Prasad, P.N., Dombroskie, A.G., Reinhardt, B.A., Tan, L.S., (2001) Chem. Mater., 13, p. 1896Ding, J., Day, M., Robertson, G., Roovers, J., (2002) Macromolecules, 35, p. 3474Ranger, M., Rondeau, D., Leclerc, M., (1997) Macromolecules, 30, p. 7686Miyaura, M., Suzuki, A., (1995) Chem. Rev., 95, p. 2457Setayesh, S., Marsitzky, D., Müllen, K., (2000) Macromolecules, 33, p. 2016Nelson, J., (2002) Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 6, p. 87Silva, G.B., Santos, L.F., Faria, R.M., Grae, C.F.O., (2001) Physica B, 308-310, p. 1078Mahrt, R.F., Pauck, T., Lemmer, U., Siegner, U., Hopmeier, M., Hennig, R., Bassler, H., Mullen, K., (1996) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 54, p. 1759Yan, M., Rothberg, L.J., Kwock, E.W., Miller, T.M., (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett., 75, p. 1992Beljonne, D., Cornil, J., Sirringhaus, H., Brown, P.J., Shkunov, M., Friend, R.H., Brédas, J.L., (2001) Adv. Funct. Mater., 11, p. 229Halls, J.J.M., Baigent, D.R., Cacialli, F., Greenham, N.C., Friend, R.H., Moratti, S.C., Holmes, A.B., (1996) Thin. Solid Films, 276, p. 13Romijn, I.G., Pasveer, W.F., Martens, H.C.F., Brom, H.B., Michels, M.A.J., (2001) Synth. Met., 119, p. 439Parker, I.D., (1994) J. Appl. Phys., 75, p. 1657Petritsch, K., Friend, R.H., (1999) Synth. Met., 102, p. 976Barashkov, N.N., Gunder, O.A., (1994) Fluorescent Polymers, , Ellis Horwood: New YorkSchaller, R.D., Lee, L.F., Johnson, J.C., Haber, L.H., Saykally, R.J., Vieceli, J., Benjamin, I., Schwartz, B.J., (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B, 74, p. 10Kasha, M., Rawls, H.R., El-Bayoumi, M.A., (1965) Pure Appl. Chem., 11, p. 371Birks, J.B., (1970) Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules, , John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: New YorkBlatchford, J.W., Jessen, S.W., Lin, L.B., Gustafson, T.L., Fu, D.K., Wang, H.L., Swager, T.M., Epstein, A.J., (1996) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Malter. Phys., 54, p. 9180Lim, S.H., Bjorklund, T.G., Bardeen, C.J., (2001) Chem. Phys. Lett., 342, p. 555Hagler, T.W., Pakbaz, K., Heeger, A.J., (1994) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Matter. Phys., 49, p. 10968Guha, S., Rice, J.D., Yau, Y.T., Martin, C.M., Chandrasekhar, M., Chandrasekhar, H.R., Guentner, R., Ucherf, U., (2002) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Matter. Phys., 67, p. 125204Nguyen, T.Q., Schwartz, B.J., Schaller, R.D., Johnson, J.C., Lee, L.F., Haber, L.H., Saykally, R.J., (2001) J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, p. 5153Gettinger, C.L., Heeger, A.J., (1994) J. Chem. Phys., 101, p. 74Tikhoplav, R.K., Hess, B.C., (1999) Synth. Met., 101, p. 236Köhler, A., Dos Santos, D.A., Beljonne, D., Shuai, Z., Brédas, J.L., Holmes, A.B., Kraus, A., Friend, R.H., (1998) Nature, 392, p. 903Oberski, J.M., Greiner, A., Bassler, H., (1991) Chem. Phys. Lett., 184, p. 391Chang, R., Hsu, J.H., Fann, W.S., Liang, K.K., Chang, C.H., Hayashi, M., Yu, Y., Chen, S.A., (2000) Chem. Phys. Lett., 317, p. 142Pichler, K., Halliday, D.A., Bradley, D.D.C., Brurn, P.L., Friend, R.H., Holmes, A.B., (1993) J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 5, p. 7155Yu, J., Hsu, J.H., Chuang, K.R., Chão, C.I., Chen, S.A., Kao, F.J., Fann, W.S., Lin, S.H., (1996) Synth. Met., 82, p. 159Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2004) J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, p. 3975Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2004) Macromolecules, 37, p. 6938Xu, J., Luo, C., Atvars, T.D.Z., Weiss, R.G., (2004) Res. Chem. Intermed., 30, p. 509Brown, G., Guardala, N.A., Atvars, T.D.Z., Weiss, R.G., (2004) J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 42, p. 2957Kalyanasundaram, K., (1992) Photochemistry in Microheterogeneous Systems, , Academic Press: OrlandoScaiano, J.C., (1989) Handbook of Organic Photochemistry, 1-2. , CRC Press: Boca RatonGilbert, A., Baggott, J., (1991) Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry, , Blackwell Scientific Publications: OxfordLakowicz, R.J., (1999) Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2 nd Ed., , Academic Press: New YorkVekshin, N.L., (1997) Energy Transfer in Macromolecules, , SPIE Optical Engineering Press: WashingtonRohatgi-Mukherjee, K.K., (1978) Fundamentals of Photochemistry, , revised edition, New Age International Limited: New DelhiCossiello, R.F., Kowalski, E., Rodrigues, P.C., Akcelrud, L., Bloise, A.C., De Azevedo, E.R., Bonagamba, T.J., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2005) Macromolecules, 38, p. 925Cossiello, R.F., Akcelrud, L., Atvars, T.D.Z., (2005) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 16, p. 74Aguiar, M., Akcelrud, L., Pinto, M.R., Atvars, T.D.Z., Karsz, F.E., Saltiel, J., (2003) J. Photoscience, 10, p. 149Sariciftci, N.S., (1997) Primary Photoexcitations in Conjugated Polymers: Molecular Exciton Versus Semiconductor Band Model, , World Scientific Publishing Co.: SingapureBorsenberger, P.M., Weiss, D.S., (1998) Organic Photoreceptors for Imaging Systems, , Marcel Dekker: New YorkYu, J., Fann, W.S., Kao, F.J., Yang, D.Y., Lin, S.H., (1994) Synth. Met., 66, p. 143Förster, T., (1959) Discuss. Faraday Soc., 27, p. 7Berkovic, G., (1984) J. Chem. Educ., 61, p. 832Suppan, P., (1994) Chemistry and Light, , Royal Society of Chemistry: CambridgeLakowicz, R.J., (1991) Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 2. , Plenum Press: New YorkAdam, W., Cilento, G., (1982) Chemical and Biological Generation of Excited States, , Academic Press: New YorkTurro, N.J., (1978) Modern Molecular Photochemislry, 2 nd Ed., , Menlo Park: CalifórniaKopecky, J., (1992) Organic Photochemistry: A Visual Approach, , VCH Publishers: New YorkMarinari, A., Saltiel, J., (1976) Mol. Photochem, 7, p. 225Conte, J.C., Martinho, J.M.G., (1981) J. Lumin., 22, p. 273Martinho, J.M.G., Conte, J.C., (1981) J. Lumin., 22, p. 285Martinho, J.M.G., Pereira, V.R., Silva, G., Conte, J.C., (1985) J. Photochem., 30, p. 383Dogariu, A., Vacar, D., Heeger, A.J., (1998) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Matter. Phys., 58, p. 10218Powell, R.C., Soos, Z.G., (1975) J. Lumin., 11, p. 1Eisenthal, K.B., Siegel, S., (1964) J. Chem. Phys., 41, p. 652Yang, C.Y., Hide, F., Diaz-Garcia, M.A., Heeger, A.J., Cao, Y., (1997) Polymer, 39, p. 2299Belletête, M., Morin, J., Beaupré, S., Ranger, M., Leclerc, M., Durocher, G., (2001) Macromolecules, 34, p. 2288Xia, C., Advincula, R.C., (2001) Macromolecules, 34, p. 5854Jin, S., Kang, S., Kim, M., Chan, Y.U., Kim, J.Y., Lee, K., Gal, Y., (2003) Macromolecules, 36, p. 3841Park, J.H., Ko, H.C., Kim, J.H., Lee, H., (2004) Synth. Met., 144, p. 193Belletête, M., Morin, J., Beaupré, S., Leclerc, M., Durocher, G., (2002) Synth. Met., 126, p. 43Kulkarni, A.P., Kong, X., Jenekhe, S.A., (2004) J. Phys. Chem. B., 108, p. 868