Mexico's global economic evolution in the first decade of the twenty first century and its impact at the metropolitan zones of Baja California and Chihuahua States

La globalización a nivel mundial en la primera década del siglo XXI, experimentó cambios territoriales en la distribución de la población, la producción y en el intercambio comercial. México registró cambios regionales y urbanos en su frontera norte, en Baja California y Chihuahua. Económicamente son las dos primeras entidades del país más sincronizadas con Estados Unidos. Este trabajo analiza el desarrollo en ambas entidades y sus cuatro zonas metropolitanas (Mexicali, Tijuana, Juárez y Chihuahua) dentro del periodo de 1999 a 2009, que concentran la mayor parte de su población en Tijuana y en Juárez, dentro de las primeras quince zonas metropolitanas. Metodológicamente es clave el análisis económico regional y urbano, cuyos datos en materia estadística utilizaron el análisis de datos geométricos multivariado (GDA). En su c onjunto, los resultados identificaron: cambios significativos en el periodo de las economías de México y Estados Unidos, profundos cambios en la especialización en las dos escalas territoriales; una rápida evolución de las dos entidades en su especialización a niveles estatal y metropolitano, y cambios en la competitividad de los territorios metropolitanos estudiados por la crisis de las economías desarrolladas en los años 2001 y2008 - 2009, así como las relaciones de subcontratación y evolución de la integración en la economía global.In the first decade of the twenty first century, globalization produced territorial changes in the distribution of population, output and trade worldwide. Mexico registered regional and urban changes on its northern border. Chihuahua and Baja California are economically, the first two states in the country more synchronized with the United States. This paper proposes an analysis of the development in both states and in four metropolitan areas (Mexicali, Tijuana, Juarez and Chihuahua) during the 1999 to 2009 period. Tijuana and Juarez presented the major population concentrated in the top fifteen metropolitan areas. Methodologically, the regional and urban economic analysis is key, which statistical data used geometric data analysis (GDA.) Taken together, the results identified significant changes during the period in the Mexican and the US economies, as well as profound changes in specialization in the two territorial levels; a rapid evolution of the two entities as to their specialization at state and city levels; changes in the competitiveness of the researched metropolitan areas due to the crisis suffered by the developed economies during 2001 and 2007 - 2008, as well as subcontracting evolution and relationships integration of the global economy.Fil: Ranfla González, Rafael. Universidad de NavarraFil: Rojas Caldelas, Rosa Imelda. Universidad de NavarraFil: Bátiz López, José Luis. Universidad de Navarr

La carne de caza es segura

El riesgo toxicológico por plomo derivado del consumo de carnes de caza es tolerable, recomendándose potenciar el consumo de este tipo de carnes por la población general

Empleo de los marcadores AFLP para la caracterización molecular de dos cultivos con interés agrícola

The AFLP technique is based on the selective amplification of restriction fragment by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and consists of four basic steps; digestion with restriction enzymes of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), adapter ligation with fragments of DNA and amplification of the fragments obtained in the earlier steps using combinations of selective primers and detection of polymorphism using radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes or silver staining. It is widely used in the evaluation of genetic diversity, analysis of genetic distance, DNA fingerprint, germoplasm collections analysis, genetic maps construction and markers diagnostic monitoring. In order to characterize molecularly two species of crops with agricultural interests (sugar cane and banana) were generated AFLP markers. In this study was demonstrated the ability to identify variations in the genome of crops studied.Key words: Musa, ‘Navolean’, Saccharum officinarum, sugarcaneLa técnica de AFLP, está basada en la amplificación selectiva de los fragmentos de restricción mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y consta de cuatro etapas fundamentales; digestión con enzimas de restricción del ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), ligazón de los adaptadores con los fragmentos de ADN, amplificación de los fragmentos obtenidos en la etapa anterior empleando combinaciones de cebadores selectivos y detección del polimorfismo utilizando radioisótopos, colorantes fluorescentes o tinción de plata. Se utiliza ampliamente en la evaluación de diversidad genética, análisis de distancia genética, huella identificadora de ADN, análisis de colecciones de germoplasma, construcción de mapas genéticos y seguimiento de marcadores de diagnóstico. Con el objetivo de caracterizar molecularmente dos especies de cultivos con interés agrícola (caña de azúcar y plátano) se generaron marcadores AFLP. Se demostró la capacidad para identificar variaciones en el genoma de los cultivos estudiados.Palabras clave: caña de azúcar, Musa, ‘Navolean’, Saccharum officinaru

Análisis del impacto de diferentes coberturas vegetacionales sobre la temperatura de superficie terrestre en el área urbana de Talca - Chile, mediante la aplicación de tecnologías geoespaciales

Debido a la falta de áreas verdes urbanas y al proceso de crecimiento urbano por extensión y densificación que modifica la cobertura del suelo natural, se generan Islas de Calor Urbana (UHI) que producen efectos ambientales negativos al interior de las ciudades relacionados con el incremento de la temperatura. En Chile, no existe claridad respecto del real impacto en la temperatura que tienen las distintas coberturas de vegetacionales urbanas. Por esta razón, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio en la ciudad de Talca (Latitud 35° 26´ y Longitud 71°40’), con el propósito de analizar el impacto de las coberturas vegetacionales urbanas (áreas verdes municipales potencia-les, conformadas y consolidadas, áreas verdes privadas, bosques urbanos, terrenos agrícolas y terrenos eriazos) sobre la Temperatura de Superficie Terrestre (LST), mediante el uso de mapas vectoriales e imágenes satelitales Landsat 7 ETM+ de invierno y verano de los años 2007, 2008, 2009 y 2010.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Análisis del impacto de diferentes coberturas vegetacionales sobre la temperatura de superficie terrestre en el área urbana de Talca - Chile, mediante la aplicación de tecnologías geoespaciales

Debido a la falta de áreas verdes urbanas y al proceso de crecimiento urbano por extensión y densificación que modifica la cobertura del suelo natural, se generan Islas de Calor Urbana (UHI) que producen efectos ambientales negativos al interior de las ciudades relacionados con el incremento de la temperatura. En Chile, no existe claridad respecto del real impacto en la temperatura que tienen las distintas coberturas de vegetacionales urbanas. Por esta razón, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio en la ciudad de Talca (Latitud 35° 26´ y Longitud 71°40’), con el propósito de analizar el impacto de las coberturas vegetacionales urbanas (áreas verdes municipales potencia-les, conformadas y consolidadas, áreas verdes privadas, bosques urbanos, terrenos agrícolas y terrenos eriazos) sobre la Temperatura de Superficie Terrestre (LST), mediante el uso de mapas vectoriales e imágenes satelitales Landsat 7 ETM+ de invierno y verano de los años 2007, 2008, 2009 y 2010.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Análisis del impacto de diferentes coberturas vegetacionales sobre la temperatura de superficie terrestre en el área urbana de Talca - Chile, mediante la aplicación de tecnologías geoespaciales

Debido a la falta de áreas verdes urbanas y al proceso de crecimiento urbano por extensión y densificación que modifica la cobertura del suelo natural, se generan Islas de Calor Urbana (UHI) que producen efectos ambientales negativos al interior de las ciudades relacionados con el incremento de la temperatura. En Chile, no existe claridad respecto del real impacto en la temperatura que tienen las distintas coberturas de vegetacionales urbanas. Por esta razón, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio en la ciudad de Talca (Latitud 35° 26´ y Longitud 71°40’), con el propósito de analizar el impacto de las coberturas vegetacionales urbanas (áreas verdes municipales potencia-les, conformadas y consolidadas, áreas verdes privadas, bosques urbanos, terrenos agrícolas y terrenos eriazos) sobre la Temperatura de Superficie Terrestre (LST), mediante el uso de mapas vectoriales e imágenes satelitales Landsat 7 ETM+ de invierno y verano de los años 2007, 2008, 2009 y 2010.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma : report of five cases

Objectives: To document the clinical and histopathological characteristics of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (BSCC). To add five new cases to the literature and compare them with another published series. Cases: retrospective review of five cases with the diagnosis of BSCC of the larynx. Results: all the patients were male. They were heavy smokers and drinkers. Most of the tumours were supraglottic. Three patients presented with stage-IV disease and the other two with stage-I disease. Surgery supplemented with radiation was used in three patients, partial surgery was used in another case and radiation and associated chemotherapy in the other one. Eight neck dissections were performed, six of them were functional and the other two radical dissections. Two cases were found to have metastatic lymph nodes. There were not any distant metastases but two patients had tumoral relapse. Conclusions: BSCC has well defined histological features. Central comedonecrosis within the cells nests, cell with nuclear palisading and high-grade dysplasia in overlaying mucosa are the main characteristics

Synergic Effect of α

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death among Mexican women. The treatment with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) has some serious side effects. Alpha-mangostin (α-M), has a protective effect against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, we explored the in vitro and in vivo effect of α-M on human cervical cancer cell proliferation when combined with CDDP. In vitro, The cytotoxic effect of α-M and/or CDDP was measured by the 3-(3,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium assay. Meanwhile, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the cell cycle were determined with flow cytometry. For α-M+CDDP treatment, both a coincubation and preincubation scheme were employed. In vivo, xenotransplantation was performed in female athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice, and then tumor volume and body weight were measured weekly, whereas α-M interfered with the antiproliferative activity of CDDP in the coincubation scheme, with preincubation with α-M+CDDP showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than CDDP or α-M alone, significantly inhibiting average tumor volume and preventing nephrotoxicity. This effect was accompanied by increased apoptosis and ROS production by HeLa cervical cancer cells, as well as an arrest in the cell cycle. These results suggest that α-M may be useful as a neoadjuvant agent in cervical cancer therapy

DNAM-1 and the TIGIT/PVRIG/TACTILE Axis: Novel Immune Checkpoints for Natural Killer Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune response characterized by their role in the destruction of tumor cells. Activation of NK cells depend on a fine balance between activating and inhibitory signals mediated by different receptors. In recent years, a family of paired receptors that interact with ligands of the Nectin/Nectin-like (Necl) family has attracted great interest. Two of these ligands, Necl-5 (usually termed CD155 or PVR) and Nectin-2 (CD112), frequently expressed on different types of tumor cells, are recognized by a group of receptors expressed on T and NK cells that exert opposite functions after interacting with their ligands. These receptors include DNAM-1 (CD226), TIGIT, TACTILE (CD96) and the recently described PVRIG. Whereas activation through DNAM-1 after recognition of CD155 or CD112 enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a wide range of tumor cells, TIGIT recognition of these ligands exerts an inhibitory effect on NK cells by diminishing IFN-γ production, as well as NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. PVRIG has also been identified as an inhibitory receptor that recognizes CD112 but not CD155. However, little is known about the role of TACTILE as modulator of immune responses in humans. TACTILE control of tumor growth and metastases has been reported in murine models, and it has been suggested that it negatively regulates the anti-tumor functions mediated by DNAM-1. In NK cells from patients with solid cancer and leukemia, it has been observed a decreased expression of DNAM-1 that may shift the balance in favor to the inhibitory receptors TIGIT or PVRIG, further contributing to the diminished NK cell-mediated cytotoxic capacity observed in these patients. Analysis of DNAM-1, TIGIT, TACTILE and PVRIG on human NK cells from solid cancer or leukemia patients will clarify the role of these receptors in cancer surveillance. Overall, it can be speculated that in cancer patients the TIGIT/PVRIG pathways are upregulated and represent novel targets for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy

Effect of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Ageing on T-Bet and Eomes Expression on T-Cell Subsets

The differential impact of ageing and cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection on human T-cell subsets remains to some extent controversial. The purpose of this study was to analyse the expression of the transcription factors T-bet and Eomes and CD57 on CD4+, CD4hiCD8lo and CD8+ T-cell subsets in healthy individuals, stratified by age and CMV serostatus. The percentage of CD4+ T-cells expressing T-bet or Eomes was very low, in particular in CD4+ T-cells from young CMV-seronegative individuals, and were higher in CMV-seropositive older individuals, in both CD57− and CD57+ CD4+ T-cells. The study of the minor peripheral blood double-positive CD4hiCD8lo T-cells showed that the percentage of these T-cells expressing both Eomes and T-bet was higher compared to CD4+ T-cells. The percentage of CD4hiCD8lo T-cells expressing T-bet was also associated with CMV seropositivity and the coexpression of Eomes, T-bet and CD57 on CD4hiCD8lo T-cells was only observed in CMV-seropositive donors, supporting the hypothesis that these cells are mature effector memory cells. The percentage of T-cells expressing Eomes and T-bet was higher in CD8+ T-cells than in CD4+ T-cells. The percentages of CD8+ T-cells expressing Eomes and T-bet increased with age in CMV-seronegative and -seropositive individuals and the percentages of CD57− CD8+ and CD57+ CD8+ T-cells coexpressing both transcription factors were similar in the different groups studied. These results support that CMV chronic infection and/or ageing are associated to the expansion of highly differentiated CD4+, CD4hiCD8lo and CD8+ T-cells that differentially express T-bet and Eomes suggesting that the expression of these transcription factors is essential for the generation and development of an effector-memory and effector T lymphocytes involved in conferring protection against chronic CMV infection