Rosario Ruiz Franco, Las guerras mundiales en sus contextos históricos, Madrid, Paraninfo, 2017, 200 páginas

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When he was not yet «The Boss». A biographical essay of the first José María Gil-Robles (1898-1931)

José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones (1898-1980) had a strong past as a Catholic activist before 1931. Born in a traditionalist family (he was the son of Professor Enrique Gil y Robles), he evolved and during the 20's he participated in the consolidation of the Spanish Catholic movement under the orders of Angel Herrera Oria, being the select National Catholic Association of Propagandists the group that had the greatest relevance in his intellectual formation. Member of the Partido Social Popular in 1922, he collaborated with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera for long years, breaking with it only in 1929. He was involved in the defense of the monarchy in the difficult context of 1930-1931, while along with other propagandists he delved into the magisterium of León XIII and designed formulas of political action for a possible republican future. Gil-Robles showed great flexibility to adapt to different political contexts, which made Herrera and the nuncio Tedeschini helped him up as leader of the Catholic right in 1931.José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones (1898-1980) tenía un sólido pasado como activista católico antes de 1931. De familia tradicionalista (fue hijo del catedrático Enrique Gil y Robles), supo evolucionar y durante los años veinte participó a las órdenes de Ángel Herrera Oria en la consolidación del movimiento católico español, siendo la selecta Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas la que tuvo una mayor relevancia en su formación intelectual. Militante del Partido Social Popular en 1922, colaboró con la dictadura de Primo de Rivera durante largos años, rompiendo con la misma solo en 1929. Se implicó en la defensa de la monarquía en el difícil contexto de 1930-1931, al tiempo que junto a otros propagandistas profundizaba en el magisterio de León XIII y diseñaba fórmulas de acción política para un posible futuro republicano. Gil-Robles demostró gran flexibilidad para adaptarse a los diferentes contextos políticos, lo que hizo que Herrera y el nuncio Tedeschini lo auparan como líder de la derecha católica en 1931

Dimas Vaquero, Mussolini & España, Franco & Mussolini. Unas relaciones difíciles, Zaragoza, Comuniter, 2017, 635 páginas

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El "Viva la Pepa" traspasa fronteras: los retoños de la Constitución de Cádiz

Resumen: La Constitución de Cádiz ha sido la constitución de España con mayor proyección internacional. Su prestigio se vio acre­centado tras el triunfo de la revolución española de 1820, que fue la primera grieta importante en el orden absolutista de la Europa de Viena. El ejemplo español estimuló sucesivas re­voluciones en Dos Sicilias, Portugal y Piamonte-Cerdeña, en todas las cuales la Constitución de Cádiz jugó un papel esen­cial, hasta el punto de adoptarse provisionalmente como pro­pia en los dos reinos italianos. En Dos Sicilias y en Portugal sus parlamentos reformaron la carta española para adaptarla a las demandas y exigencias de los revolucionarios locales; si los italianos le dieron un toque federal, los portugueses am­pliaron las libertades civiles y políticas reconocidas en Espa­ña. El artículo indaga en los pormenores de unos procesos que fueron posibles gracias a la flexibilidad y ambigüedad de La Pepa, cuyos principios revolucionarios –los más– convi­vieron con otros más tradicionales. Palabras clave: Constitución de Cádiz, Dos Sicilias, Portugal, Piamonte-Cerdeña, revoluciones de 1820-1821. Summary: The Constitution of Cadiz was the most far reaching Spa­nish constitution. Following the triumph of the Spanish li­beral revolution of 1820, its prestige increased and it became the first crack in the wall for the Vienna system of interna­tional relations. The Spanish example encouraged successi­ve revolts in Two Sicilies, Portugal and Piedmont-Sardinia. In each of these examples, the Constitution of Cadiz pla­yed an essential role, to the extent that it was provisiona­lly adopted in both Italian kingdoms. In Two Sicilies and Portugal, parliaments reformed the Spanish charter to suit the demands and requirements of the local revolutionaries. Whilst the Italians gave it a federal aspect, the Portuguese expanded upon the civil and political rights recognized in Spain. This article examines the details of these processes, which were possible only due to the flexibility and ambigui­ty of La Pepa, whose –most– revolutionary principles were mixed with other more traditional ones. Key words: Constitution of Cadiz, Two Sicilies, Portugal, Pied­mont-Sardinia, revolts of 1820–1821

Ultralow power voltage reference circuit for implantable devices in standard CMOS technology

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Óscar Pereira-Rial, Paula López, Juan M. Carrillo, Victor M. Brea and Diego Cabello (2019) Ultralow power voltage reference circuit for implantable devices in standard CMOS technology. International journal of circuit theory and applications, 47 (7), 991-1005, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.2643. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived VersionsAn ultralow power CMOS voltage reference for body implantable devices is presented in this paper. The circuit core consists of only regular threshold voltage PMOS transistors, thus leading to a very reduced output voltage dispersion, defined as σ/μ, and extremely low power consumption. A mathematical model of the generated reference voltage was obtained by solving circuit equations, and its numerical solution has been validated by extensive electrical simulations using a commercial circuit simulator. The proposed solution incorporates a passive RC low‐pass filter, to enhance power supply rejection (PSR) over a wide frequency range, and a speed‐up section, to accelerate the switching‐on of the circuit. The prototype was implemented in 0.18 μm standard CMOS technology and is able to operate with supply voltages ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 V providing a measured output voltage value of 584.2 mV at the target temperature of 36° C. The measured σ/μ dispersion of the reference voltage generated is 0.65% without the need of trimming. At the minimum supply of 0.7 V, the experimental power consumption is 64.5 pW, while the measured PSR is kept below –60 dB from DC up to the MHz frequency rangeThis work has been partially funded by the Spanish government projects TEC2015‐66878‐C3‐3‐R (MINECO/FEDER) and RTI2018‐097088‐B‐C32 (FEDER), by the Xunta de Galicia under project ED431C2017/69, by the Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria (accreditation 2016‐2019, ED431G/08 and reference competitive group 2017‐2020, ED431C 2017/69), by the Junta de Extremadura R&D Plan, and the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRD) under Grant IB18079S

Introducción

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Evolución de la demanda energética en la España mediterránea, basada en el índice de grados-día de calentamiento enfriamiento

Ponencia presentada en: VI Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Tarragona del 8 al 11 de octubre de 2008.[ES]El índice de grados-día de calentamiento y el índice de grados-día de enfriamiento dan una estimación básica de la demanda doméstica de electricidad. En este trabajo se calcula la evolución de dichos índices para España en el período 1970-2004. Se estudia la incidencia que la evolución de la población puede tener en estos índices y se comparan los valores obtenidos para la región mediterránea con los calculados para todo el territorio nacional.[EN]The heating degrees-day index and the cooling degrees-day index are climatic indices that estimate the energy demand of the homes. In this work, we estimate both indices for Spain and the period 1970-2004. We study the impact that the population evolution (increase and redistribution) has on those indices, and we compare the indices computed for the mediterranean region only with those obtained for the whole Spain