Effects of exogenous enzymes and application method on nutrient intake, digestibility and growth performance of Pelibuey lambs

Pelibuey sheep is the main breed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico, and high demand of sheep meat has favored the finishing of lambs in feedlots with diets containing high levels of grains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous enzymes (EE) and application method on nutrient intake and digestibility and performance of growing Pelibuey lambs. Treatments were based on comparison of two different methods of adding an enzyme product (sprayed on the total mixed ration or applied orally to the lambs) versus control treatment (no added enzyme). Twenty-one Pelibuey lambs, weighing 15.7 kg (SD = 1.8 kg) initial body weight, were individually housed in shaded pens and assigned randomly to one of the three enzyme treatments. At the end of study (lasting for 45 days), three lambs from each treatment were randomly selected and adapted to a pants and harness designed for fecal collection to measure nutrient digestibilities. Total body gain and average daily gain were affected (P < 0.05) by supplemental EE. The application method of EE had significant (P < 0.05) effect on FCE and FCR, but no effects were observed on nutrient intake. Supplemental EE did improve (P < 0.05) the digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, neutral and acid detergent fiber, but no differences were observed in crude protein digestibility. The application method of EE had significant (P < 0.05) effect on the digestibility of acid detergent fiber. Supplemental EE can improve body weight gain and nutrient digestibilities without affecting nutrient intake in Pelibuey lambs, but the results of feed conversion efficiency and acid detergent fiber digestibility depend on the application method used of the E

Does Size Matters? Relationships among Social Dominance and Some Morphometric Traits upon Out-of-Season Reproductive Outcomes in Anestrus Dairy Goats Treated with P4 + eCG

The possible role of the social rank (R) (i.e., low-LSR, middle-MSR, or high-HSR) in anestrus goats exposed to a P4 + eCG (D) (i.e., 100 or 350 IU) estrus induction protocol (EIP) was evaluated. Goats (Alpine-Saanen-Nubian × Criollo; n = 70; 25° North) managed under stall-fed conditions were all ultrasound evaluated to confirm anestrous status, while the social rank was determined 30 d prior to the EIP. The response variables included estrus induction (EI, %), duration of estrus (DUR, h), ovulation rate (OR, n), live weight (LW, kg), thoracic perimeter (TP, cm), thoracic diameter (TD, cm), body length (BL, cm), height at withers (HW, cm), beard length (BEA, cm), compactness index (COM, cm), and anamorphosis index (ANA, cm), as affected by R, D, and the R × D interaction were evaluated, while the correlation coefficients among reproductive and morphometric variables were quantified. An R × D interaction (p 0.05) with any response variable, either reproductive or morphometric. As expected, LW had high correlation coefficients (p < 0.01) with TP (0.86), TD (0.88), BL (0.82), HW (0.75), BEA (0.51), COM (0.97), and ANA (0.75). In general, the morphometric variables as a whole demonstrated important correlation coefficients among them (p < 0.01), ranging from 0.38 up to 0.84. To estimate the importance of the morphometric differences between social rank upon estrus induction, a principal component (PC) analysis was performed based on the correlation matrix derived from the corporal measurements. The PC1 and PC2 explained 70.3% and 17.6% of the morphometric variation, respectively. The PC1 was a measure of the goat size (i.e., small, medium, large) and its association with estrus occurrence was evaluated using a logistic regression model; the bigger the goat, the increased probability of being in estrus, by up to five times compared to small goats. Our results confirm that the higher social ranked, larger goats amalgamated some fundamental factors to be successful: aggressiveness, primacy to food access, augmented live weight, and corporal size; all of these were able to modulate out-of-season reproductive success in crossbred dairy goats subjected to an estrus induction protocol and managed under stall-fed conditions in Northern Mexico

Épocas de nacimiento basadas en un índice climático para el ajuste de modelos estadísticos para peso vivo de ganado bovino en México

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of a methodology for the climatic season classification that traditionally had been used as birth season (BS) in statistical assessments. This methodology bases in an aridity index (AI) to classify BS using meteorological historic information. Using a 7,460-pedigree animals dataset were fitted two statistical models for birth and weaning weights of Charolais cattle. Genetic models included the fixed effect of contemporary groups (CG= herd, sex, year and BS) and dam age as a covariate (linear and quadratic). Same models compared with a traditional season classification for BS. When variance component and expected progeny differences (EPD) were predicted with their accuracies, models were statistically different accordingly to the likelihood ratio test (P<0.01). An improvement and reduction in CG conformation (25 %) were observed for those models including IA based BS. The main effect in assessed models was the ranking changes in EPD from both traits. This classification method of birth season can improve the model fitting in animal production based in extensive systems.El objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una metodología para la clasificación de épocas climáticas, que tradicionalmente son utilizadas para establecer épocas de nacimiento (EN) en estudios y experimentos estadísticos. Esta metodología se basa en un índice de aridez (IA) para clasificar las EN utilizando información meteorológica histórica. Se trabajó una base de datos con un pedigrí de 7,460 animales, se ajustaron dos modelos para peso al nacimiento y peso al destete en bovinos Charolais manejados en pastoreo extensivo. Los modelos incluyeron el efecto fijo de grupo contemporáneo (GC= subclase de hato, sexo, año y EN) y edad de la madre. Los mismos modelos se compararon utilizando una clasificación tradicional de estaciones del año para clasificar las EN. Al estimar los componentes de varianza y valores genéticos (DEP) con sus exactitudes, los modelos fueron diferentes de acuerdo a la prueba de razón de verosimilitudes (P<0.01). El número de GC se redujo en 25 % para la EN basada en el IA, con GC con mayor número de individuos. El principal efecto observado en los modelos analizados fue el cambio en la jerarquización de las DEP para ambas características. Este método de clasificación de épocas de nacimiento, puede ayudar a mejorar el ajuste de modelos estadísticos en los sistemas ganaderos manejados en pastoreo extensivo

Lo tangible e intangible del diseño

1 archivo PDF (366 páginas)"El Departamento de Evaluación del Diseño, en el Tiempo de la División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, publica este libro colectivo, donde se aborda la discusión y el análisis sobre "Lo tangible e intangible del diseño". Este libro tiene como finalidad el profundizar en distintas posiciones teóricas, metodológicas y empíricas, donde un grupo interdisciplinario de profesores investigadores del Departamento de Evaluación, desde la arquitectura, los estudios urbanos, la educación, la historia, la semiótica, el diseño de la comunicación gráfica y el industrial; buscan convergencias y discuten divergencias que puedan generar servir como referentes intelectuales y teóricos, en el diseño. Este libro es resultado del Cuarto Coloquio Departamental: Lo tangible e Intangible del Diseño. Evaluación de Objetos, Espacios, Mensajes, realizado durante el mes de septiembre del año 2004, el cual se constituyó como un espacio para el intercambio de experiencias académicas y profesionales, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, centrada en la reflexión y la discusión sobre la manera de cómo se puede analizar, definir y evaluar, lo tangible y lo intangible en el diseño"

Effects of crossbreeding and selection on the productivity and profitability of the New Zealand Dairy Industry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

This aim of this thesis was to evaluate some effects of crossbreeding on the New Zealand dairy industry. The study started with a review of crossbreeding parameters, followed by the development of two models. A farm model was developed to evaluate the productivity and profitability (net income per hectare) of mating strategies involving the main breeds farmed in New Zealand; Holstein-Friesian (F), Jersey (J) and Ayrshire (A). Under current production costs and values for milk and beef, dairy herds using rotational crossbreeding systems had higher net income per hectare than straightbred herds. The ranking of mating strategies on profitability altered with changes in the relative values of fat and protein (1:4, 1:2.2 and 4:1) but rotational FJ and FJA herds had higher net incomes than straightbred herds across three values for the fat to protein ratio and two values for meat (current and 50% higher than current). An industry model was constructed to evaluate the effects of mating strategies on the rate of genetic gain and the productivity (yields of milk, fat and protein) of the dairy industry over 25 yr. The mating strategies simulated were upgrading to F (UPGF), upgrading to J (UPGJ), upgrading to A (UPGA), rotational crossbreeding using two or three breeds, and use of best bulls (UBB) irrespective of breed. Upgrading to either J or F increased the number of potential bull mothers from 0.27 million to 2.03 and 2.15 million and resulted in genetic gains of 0.27 genetic SD/yr, for both options. Rotational FJ decreased the number of potential bull mothers to 0.17 million and resulted in a genetic gain of 0.24 genetic SD/yr. Upgrading to F and UPGJ resulted in divergent averages of live weight and yields of milk, fat and protein per cow. On the basis of production per hectare, UPGF resulted in lower stocking rate, higher milk yield, and less fat and protein than UPGJ. Effects of the rotational FJ strategy on live weight per cow, and yields of milk per cow and per hectare, were slightly different from the average values for UPGJ and UPGF, due to the effects of heterosis. The farm and industry models were combined to calculate industry profit for the different mating strategies for 25 yr. Industry yields of standardised whole milk powder, butter and casein were calculated from industry yields of milk and its components. Profitability was calculated as income from dairy products and salvage animals less on-farm costs of production and off-farm costs of milk collection, manufacture and marketing. The ranking of the different mating strategies was affected by the value for butter. When marginal butter sales (above the total industry yield in the base year) were worth only NZ$0.45/kg, UPGF resulted in the highest industry net income (NZ$1119 million) followed by straightbreeding (NZ$1086 million) and rotational FJ (NZ$1076 million). However, if the marginal value of butter production was assumed to be equal to the average base value, then UPGJ resulted in the highest industry net income (NZ$1185 million) followed by rotational FJ (NZ$1177 million) and UBB (NZ$1173 million). Despite the widely different mating strategies used for 25 yr, the largest difference in net income was only 10%. Rotational crossbreeding systems can increase the profitability of commercial herds, but wide implementation of crossbreeding in the dairy industry reduces the number of active cows (bull mothers) and therefore penalises the rate of genetic gain of the entire population. Future values of dairy products have a major impact on the relative value of breeds and are therefore important to any decisions about mating strategies

Sire Effects on Post-Weaning Growth of Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle: A Case Study in New Zealand

Little is known about the growth performance of beef sires used over dairy cows in New Zealand. This experiment aimed to evaluate the growth of Angus and Hereford sires via progeny testing of beef-cross-dairy offspring born to dairy cows and grown on hill country pasture. Live weights at 131, 200, 400, 600 and 800 days were analysed from a dataset of 5208 records from 1101 progeny of 73 sires. The means of the progeny group means for live weight were 118.6 kg at 131 days, 159.1 kg at 200 days, 284.2 kg at 400 days, 427.0 kg at 600 days and 503.6 kg at 800 days, and the overall daily growth rate was 0.58 kg/day from 131 to 800 days. The sire affected (p &lt; 0.05) the live weight of their progeny at all ages. Differences in live weights between the lightest and heaviest progeny group means increased from 19 kg at 131 days to 90 kg at 800 days. Even though growth of calves was likely restricted to 200 days, live weight at 200 days explained 51&ndash;56% of the variation in live weights at 400 and 600 days (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, the use of beef sires selected for growth has the potential to increase the live weight of cattle born on dairy farms for meat production

Sire Effects on Carcass of Beef-Cross-Dairy Cattle: A Case Study in New Zealand

There is interest in increasing the carcass value of surplus calves born in the dairy industry that are reared for beef production in New Zealand. This experiment evaluated the carcass of Angus and Hereford sires via progeny testing of beef-cross-dairy offspring grown on hill country pasture. Weight and carcass traits were analyzed from 1015 animals and 1000 carcasses of 73 sires. The mean of the progeny group means was 567 kg for live weight at slaughter, 277 kg for carcass weight, 48.9% for dressing-out, 240.3 cm for carcass length, 73.6 cm2 for eye muscle area, 7.4 mm for rib fat depth, 0.91 for marble score, 3.05 for fat color score, 3.01 for meat color score, and 5.62 for ultimate pH. Sire affected (p &lt; 0.05) carcass size and fat traits, but not fat color, meat color, or ultimate pH (p &gt; 0.05). There was a 46 kg increase in carcass weight between the best and worst sires tested. Carcass fat traits were the most variable among sires. The use of genetically superior beef-breed sires over dairy-breed cows has the potential to increase carcass weights from surplus calves born in the dairy industry, while maintaining adequate fat levels and carcass quality

Low Birthweight Beef Bulls Compared with Jersey Bulls Do Not Impact First Lactation and Rebreeding of First-Calving Dairy Heifers&mdash;A Case Study in New Zealand

Dairy heifers in New Zealand are typically naturally mated by Jersey bulls to produce low-value non-replacement offspring sold for slaughter a few days after birth. Producing a beef-sired calf from a dairy heifer will increase the value of these calves for beef production but may compromise the subsequent career of the animals, in terms of milk production, rebreeding success, health, or survival of the heifer. This study aimed to determine the impact of low birthweight Angus and Hereford bulls versus breed-average Jersey bulls on the reproduction and production traits of first-calving dairy heifers. The experiment included 304 heifer-calf pairs over 2 years. Calves sired by Angus and Hereford bulls were 3.5&ndash;4.4 kg and 3.7&ndash;6.8 kg heavier than Jersey-sired calves and had a 4.2% and 9.3% incidence of assistance at birth for normally presented calves over the 2 years, respectively. No normally presented Jersey-sired calves were assisted. There was no difference in body condition score, pre-calving live weight, milk production, pregnancy rate, inter-calving interval, re-calving day, and 21-day re-calving rate of heifers mated to the different breeds of bulls. The results indicate that the Angus and Hereford bulls with low birthweight and high direct calving ease estimated breeding values (EBV) can be used to produce calves of greater value than Jersey-sired calves without impacting dairy heifer production. However, a small increase in assistance at calving could be expected

Low Birthweight Beef Bulls Compared with Jersey Bulls Do Not Impact First Lactation and Rebreeding of First-Calving Dairy Heifers—A Case Study in New Zealand

Dairy heifers in New Zealand are typically naturally mated by Jersey bulls to produce low-value non-replacement offspring sold for slaughter a few days after birth. Producing a beef-sired calf from a dairy heifer will increase the value of these calves for beef production but may compromise the subsequent career of the animals, in terms of milk production, rebreeding success, health, or survival of the heifer. This study aimed to determine the impact of low birthweight Angus and Hereford bulls versus breed-average Jersey bulls on the reproduction and production traits of first-calving dairy heifers. The experiment included 304 heifer-calf pairs over 2 years. Calves sired by Angus and Hereford bulls were 3.5–4.4 kg and 3.7–6.8 kg heavier than Jersey-sired calves and had a 4.2% and 9.3% incidence of assistance at birth for normally presented calves over the 2 years, respectively. No normally presented Jersey-sired calves were assisted. There was no difference in body condition score, pre-calving live weight, milk production, pregnancy rate, inter-calving interval, re-calving day, and 21-day re-calving rate of heifers mated to the different breeds of bulls. The results indicate that the Angus and Hereford bulls with low birthweight and high direct calving ease estimated breeding values (EBV) can be used to produce calves of greater value than Jersey-sired calves without impacting dairy heifer production. However, a small increase in assistance at calving could be expected