Estudio del efecto del portainjertos en la respuesta de pinus pinaster a la sequía empleando un enfoque multidisciplinar

Pinus pinaster Aiton es una conífera de alto valor ecológico y socio-económico, relevante en la región mediterránea por formar parte de bosques y plantaciones en diversos ecosistemas, debido en gran medida, a su plasticidad para crecer en regiones con condiciones climáticas muy diversas y por su aprovechamiento para el abastecimiento de recursos madereros y no-madereros a la industria, entre otros muchos servicios ecosistémicos. La respuesta de Pinus pinaster al déficit hídrico es un proceso complejo que requiere la integración de múltiples mecanismos moleculares, fisiológicos y morfológicos, que dependen de la variabilidad genética del individuo y de su interacción con su entorno (relación con otros seres vivos, con el suelo y con las condiciones climáticas y perturbaciones asociadas). Teniendo en cuenta las sequías recurrentes que soporta el área mediterránea, asociadas con el cambio climático, el objetivo de la tesis doctoral es profundizar en el estudio de la tolerancia de Pinus pinaster a la sequía y explorar estrategias alternativas que permitan modular su respuesta, evaluando el uso de portainjertos tolerantes al déficit hídrico para regular la respuesta a estrés hídrico de las púas injertadas. Para ello, empleamos aproximaciones transcriptómicas y metabolómicas para estudiar genotipos procedentes de una familia de referencia, procedente del cruce controlado Gal 1056 x Oria 6, dos progenitores de las regiones de procedencia Noreste Costera (Pontevedra) y Sierra de Oria (Almería), respectivamente, que muestran respuestas contrastadas en crecimiento, producción de biomasa y respuesta a sequía. Se emplearon dos diseños experimentales, en condiciones controladas, para comparar la respuesta de los pinos sometidos a un estrés hídrico moderado. Inicialmente se estudió la expresión génica de mezclas de individuos de la progenie Gal 1056 x Oria 6 sensibles (4, 147) o tolerantes (132, 144) a nivel de órgano y, en un segundo experimento, el estudio transcriptómico y metabolómico del efecto del portainjerto sobre la respuesta a sequía de púas de Pinus pinaster, combinando como púas los progenitores y como portas individuos progenie con respuesta contrastada a sequía. Entre los resultados obtenidos destaca la expresión constitutiva de genes relacionados con respuesta a estrés en los individuos progenie tolerantes a sequía, a diferencia de los genotipos sensibles, que parece conferirles un cierto grado de pre-adaptación a la sequía. Estos resultados se confirman al analizar los cuatro injertos diseñados en base a estudios previos: Gal 1056 / R1S, Gal 1056 / R18T, Oria 6 / R1S y Oria 6 / R18T. El estudio de las réplicas de estos injertos en condiciones control frente a déficit hídrico reveló un efecto significativo del genotipo del portainjerto en la respuesta transcriptómica de las acículas de las púas. En condiciones control, las púas injertadas sobre los portainjertos tolerantes están enriquecidas en genes sobreexpresados asociados con respuesta a estrés en ambos progenitores, aunque con un mayor efecto en púas Gal 1056. Además, en los injertos sometidos a déficit hídrico este efecto del portainjerto tolerante se acentúa, especialmente en relación con genes que codifican factores de transcripción y proteínas implicadas en señalización mediada por ABA y biosíntesis de flavonoides. Asimismo, se han detectado procesos cuyo control está asociado con el genotipo de las púas. La respuesta al estrés moderado por parte de las acículas de cada injerto sería así el resultado de la comunicación entre púas e injertos y de la integración de los procesos por ellos controlados. El análisis del perfil metabólico de estos injertos revela que los genotipos de las púas y de los portainjertos también afectan al contenido de diversos metabolitos, entre ellos el contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo de terpenos constitutivos y acumulados diferencialmente en respuesta a déficit hídrico en distintos órganos, constituyendo sistemas de defensa compartimentados. Se observa la existencia de una comunicación específica entre tejidos aéreos y subterráneos en respuesta a sequía a nivel metabolómico, con la distribución diferencial de terpenos específicos. Asimismo, se identifican cambios significativos en el perfil de metabolitos primarios y de otros metabolitos secundarios como ciclitoles en acículas, con una elevada acumulación en condiciones de déficit hídrico. Estos compuestos podrían estar implicados en mecanismos de tolerancia a sequía como el ajuste osmótico y el control del estrés oxidativo. Los resultados observados en la presente tesis doctoral proporcionan nueva información sobre la respuesta a sequía y muestran el interés del empleo de injertos para diseccionar la comunicación entre órganos y el control que ejercen en la respuesta a nivel de distintos procesos biológicos. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos permitirán diseñar nuevos estudios dirigidos a validar el empleo de portainjertos seleccionados y mejorados para implementar la propagación de individuos élite de Pinus pinaster de diversos programas de mejora, que en muchos casos son sensibles a estrés hídrico

eSports Events Trend: A Promising Opportunity for Tourism Offerings

eSports events are a groundbreaking phenomenon worldwide. For this reason, this study aims to recognize the potential of eSports as an alternative for tourism events diversification in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Within the methodological framework of an exploratory-descriptive scope, it was proposed to analyze the conditions of eSports events and the tourist perception of them in the selected city. A survey was applied to 384 participants of eSports events (potential tourists), using video game rooms and player community networks throughout Latin America. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire available online for six months for further analysis. The principal findings in terms of quality performance of the event, perception of the event, destination image, and satisfaction revealed four vital indicators associated. Event staff, event atmosphere, hospitality, and good feelings about live attendance must be taken into consideration while designing a satisfactory experience to integrate into eSports into the city’s tourism offerings. Attendees also expressed their willingness to return to the city in the future. These results contribute to expanding the scientific literature on the evaluation and management of eSports events for other developing cities and countries.Fac. de Ciencias Políticas y SociologíaTRUEpu

Molecular study of drought response in the Mediterranean conifer Pinus Pinaster Ait. : differential transcriptomic profiling reveals constitutive water deficit‐independent drought tolerance mechanisms

Adaptation of long‐living forest trees to respond to environmental changes is essential to secure their performance under adverse conditions. Water deficit is one of the most significant stress factors determining tree growth and survival. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), the main source of softwood in southwestern Europe, is subjected to recurrent drought periods which, according to climate change predictions for the years to come, will progressively increase in the Mediterranean region. The mechanisms regulating pine adaptive responses to environment are still largely unknown. The aim of this work was to go a step further in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying maritime pine response to water stress and drought tolerance at the whole plant level. A global transcriptomic profiling of roots, stems, and needles was conducted to analyze the performance of siblings showing contrasted responses to water deficit from an ad hoc designed full‐sib family. Although P. pinaster is considered a recalcitrant species for vegetative propagation in adult phase, the analysis was conducted using vegetatively propagated trees exposed to two treatments: well‐watered and moderate water stress. The comparative analyses led us to identify organ‐specific genes, constitutively expressed as well as differentially expressed when comparing control versus water stress conditions, in drought‐sensitive and drought‐tolerant genotypes. Different response strategies can point out, with tolerant individuals being pre‐adapted for coping with drought by constitutively expressing stress‐related genes that are detected only in latter stages on sensitive individuals subjected to drought

Tratado de justicia restaurativa. Un enfoque integrador

Esta obra nos presenta a la Justicia Restaurativa desde la configuración del derecho penal y los procesos de la misma en el orden penitenciario, en las comunidades escolares, en la igualdad de género. Realzando así mismo la habiliades del facilitador que habrá de llevarla a cabo, como parte integral de un nuevo paradigma en la formación de recursos humnos que atiendan la inminente necesidad de este tipo de ejercicio y en las redes primarias de apoyo, como elemento restaurativo para las mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica, dónde ha crecido la respuesta de la sociedad para abatir este sector de la violenci

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries

Scion-rootstock interaction and drought systemic effect modulate the organ-specific terpene profiles in grafted Pinus pinaster Ait

15 Pág.  Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR)Intraspecific grafting with selected scions and rootstocks was used to study drought tolerance in the recalcitrant Mediterranean conifer P. pinaster. Conifers store different terpene types in needles, stems and roots, which can be modified by drought, but most studies have focused on a single organ and over selected terpenes which limits understanding of the overall plant response. In this work, terpene profile (160 components among mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes and resin acids) as well as eco-physiological traits were assessed in needles, roots, and scion and rootstock stems to analyze the drought sensibility of scions and rootstocks on grafted P. pinaster trees. We used two scions from wet (Galicia) and dry (Oria) provenances grafted onto rootstocks showing differences in the efficiency of water use, grown under two different water regimes, well-watered and water stressed. Constitutively, organs showed clearly different qualitative and quantitative terpene profiles, such as a long-term optimized resources allocation, being neutral and acid diterpenes those more discriminant. Environmental factors may selectively affect the regulation of diterpene biosynthesis in needles, since scion provenances determined the variation of their profiles, mainly regarding again neutral and acid diterpenes. Different scion-conferred terpene phenotypes were observed in each organ, having a relevant role isoabienol content. Drought triggered needle/root resin acids redistribution, which may provide higher protection to roots, correlated to the effective water stress endured by plants. Drought sensitivity of scion-rootstock combinations determined the intensity of drought-triggered changes in terpene levels in all organs, suggesting that chemical defense and drought tolerance are somehow interconnected.This study was supported by the projects AGL2015-66048-C2-1-R (pROMPTeR) and RTI2018-098015-B-I00 (PErDURE) from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad‐Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional (Spain)Peer reviewe

Correlating the above- and belowground genotype of Pinus pinaster trees and rhizosphere bacterial communities under drought conditions

16 Pág.Increasing temperatures along with severe droughts are factors that may jeopardize the survival of the forests in the Mediterranean basin. In this region, Pinus pinaster is a common conifer species, that has been used as a model species in evolutionary studies due to its adaptive response to changing environments. Although its drought tolerance mechanisms are already known, knowledge about the dynamics of its root microbiota is still scarce. We aimed to decipher the structural (bacterial abundance), compositional, functional and associative changes of the P. pinaster rhizosphere bacterial communities in spring and summer, at DNA and RNA level (environmental DNA, live and dead cells, and those synthesizing proteins). A fundamental aspect of root microbiome-based approaches is to guarantee the correct origin of the samples. Thus, we assessed the genotype of host needles and roots from which rhizosphere samples were obtained. For more than 50% of the selected trees, genotype discrepancies were found and in three cases the plant species could not be determined. Rhizosphere bacterial communities were homogeneous with respect to diversity and structural levels regardless of the host genotype in both seasons. Nonetheless, significant changes were seen in the taxonomic profiles depending on the season. Seasonal changes were also evident in the bacterial co-occurrence patterns, both in DNA and RNA libraries. While spring communities switched to more complex networks, summer populations resulted in more compartmentalized networks, suggesting that these communities were facing a disturbance. These results may mirror the future status of bacterial communities in a context of climate change. A keystone hub was ascribed to the genus Phenylobacterium in the functional network calculated for summer. Overall, it is important to validate the origin and identity of plant samples in any plant-microbiota study so that more reliable ecological analyses are performed.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness [AGL2015-66048-C2-1-R; RTI2018-098015-B-I00], and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation project SUMHAL [LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-13, POPE 2014-2020], both co-financed by the (ERDF)European Regional Development FundPeer reviewe

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Management of Psoriasis Induced by Anti-TNF Therapy in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Psoriasis induced by anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) therapy has been described as a paradoxical side effect. To determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, and management of psoriasis induced by anti-TNF therapy in a large nationwide cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease were identified from the Spanish prospectively maintained Estudio Nacional en Enfermedad Inflamatoria Intestinal sobre Determinantes genéticos y Ambientales registry of Grupo Español de Trabajo en Enfermedad de Croh y Colitis Ulcerosa. Patients who developed psoriasis by anti-TNF drugs were the cases, whereas patients treated with anti-TNFs without psoriasis were controls. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify predictive factors. Anti-TNF-induced psoriasis was reported in 125 of 7415 patients treated with anti-TNFs (1.7%; 95% CI, 1.4-2). The incidence rate of psoriasis is 0.5% (95% CI, 0.4-0.6) per patient-year. In the multivariate analysis, the female sex (HR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9) and being a smoker/former smoker (HR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.3) were associated with an increased risk of psoriasis. The age at start of anti-TNF therapy, type of inflammatory bowel disease, Montreal Classification, and first anti-TNF drug used were not associated with the risk of psoriasis. Topical steroids were the most frequent treatment (70%), achieving clinical response in 78% of patients. Patients switching to another anti-TNF agent resulted in 60% presenting recurrence of psoriasis. In 45 patients (37%), the anti-TNF therapy had to be definitely withdrawn. The incidence rate of psoriasis induced by anti-TNF therapy is higher in women and in smokers/former smokers. In most patients, skin lesions were controlled with topical steroids. More than half of patients switching to another anti-TNF agent had recurrence of psoriasis. In most patients, the anti-TNF therapy could be maintained

Maritime Pine Genomics in Focus

International audienceThe advent of next-generation genome sequencing technologies has allowed approaching the sequencing and analysis of large and complex conifer genomes. Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is an economically and ecologically important conifer species widely distributed in South-West Europe, which shows a significant genetic and adaptive variability. This chapter takes on the task of reviewing the insights into the maritime pine genome sequencing breakthrough and its impact on downstream analysis. Maritime pine genome sequencing and assembly approaches are described along with the impact of related tools. A section of the state-of-the-art research on comparative, functional, structural, and translational genomics aimed at dissecting the genetic basis and the specific regulation of biological processes underlying the expression of traits of interest in maritime pine and other conifers is also described. Perspectives about the impact of these tools as well as additional research approaches are discussed

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data