Biological data from post mortem analysis of otters in Hungary

In this paper we examined the characteristics of reproduction parameters, stomach content and inner organ weights on carcasses (male, n=67, female n=57, unknown n=3) of otters (Lutra lutra) collected in Hungary between 1999 and 2006. Most otter carcasses (90.6%) were collected as road casualties. In breeding females (n=28), the mean (±SE) number of placental scars was 2.22±0.17. One female was pregnant (3 embryos). Suckling were detected at four females, the number of active teats (2-4) equalling the number of placental scars. Reproduction period, calculated from the age of juveniles, was long (from winter to summer). No seasonal difference was found in the gonado-somatic index values of adult males, and births were estimated to have occurred from winter to summer. The stomach was empty in 31% of the cases, while mean weight of the stomach content was 49 g the main food eaten by otters was small-size, non-commercial fish. In the adult age group, the organ weight index of the kidneys (P<0.01) and adrenal glands (P<0.05) was greater in females, while in case of the other organs: heart, liver, spleen, tyroid glands and lungs no significant difference was found

Alternatívák a megmaradásért vívott harcban : az erdélyi szászok a dualizmus korában

By virtue of their peculiar historical development, a local German-speaking people with their own distinct national and political consciousness had already called Transylvania home for some 700 years by the time of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. This consciousness was supported by their advanced and structured society, strong economic base, advanced cultural life, own educational system, network of patriotic and traditionalist organizations, high quality political, scientific and literary works, vibrant media and diverse associational and communal life. Prior to the regime change that occurred in 1918, these support institutions prospered. Even so, the Transylvanian Saxons were not satisfied; they regarded the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and their subsequent loss of feudal privilege in exchange for meeting the requirements of the Bourgeois Age as national grievances, which led to a fundamental reconsideration of how best to advocate for their interests. As a result, their attitude towards the framework of Dualist Hungary significantly changed. All this led to major fault lines within the Transylvanian Saxon community even as a lively political life emerged at the same time. We would be scarcely wrong to claim that the coexistence of both proand anti-Hungarian sentiments, having arisen from the experiences and advocacy strategies of the „Hungarian Times”, would make their presence felt even after the regime change in 1918

Adalékok a német "völkisch" történetszemlélet fogadtatásához a Horthy-korszak Magyarországán

Following her defeat in WWI, within the spirit of a reevaluated “auswärtige Kulturpolitik”, Germany attempted to move closer to the states of our region by using new historiographical tools. Per their “folk6 and cultural soil” reconstruction, the Germans questioned the respective ethnic group’s nationstate6related historical conceptions and emphasized their own revisionist needs. In other words, a “popularist war” replaced the earlier interstate diplomacy even within academia. Hungary – like the other states of the region – felt threatened by Germany within the sphere of scientific policy. Therefore, decisive resistance was witnessed. Beyond these feelings of threat, this counteraction was also motivated by the fact that the German “cultural slide” theory sharply contradicted contemporary Hungarian founding ideology, the Hungarians’ sense of historical mission and their leadership role within the Carpathian Basin, as well as their desire to prove a cultural supremacist theory contra their neighboring peoples. The Hungarians’ more6or6less unanimous dismissal is also proof that the Hungarian historiography of the period was capable of overcoming its own – indeed huge – inner divisions and showing a united front to defend Hungarian interests against these offensive manifestations

A két világháború közötti német történettudomány közelítése Köztes-Európa népeinek vizsgálatához

The outcome of World War I has forced German historians to reevaluate the role of the histories of the Weimar and National Socialist eras when assessing the history of the Middle European region that had existed between the German and Russian empires. More precisely when assessing the territorial losses of the German Empire and the collapse of the Monarchy over the Danube, which had placed large swathes of German"populated land under foreign rule, and which had transformed their living conditions. For the Germans, the outcome of World War I could be traced back not only to their political and military defeat, but also to their eastern neighbors’ successful scientific endeavors, whose national histories had played a major role in the fight against the imperial integrationist ideology that collapsed in 1918, and which, at the Paris Peace Conference, had had a major influence on where the new eastern"central borders would be drawn. During the 1920’s, German researchers from various disciplines outlined as their goal – in an attempt to protect the German populations of Eastern Europe – the proffering of the intellectual supports on which to build the revisionist pursuits of a defeated Germany. The Ostforschung as a result became a substantial support for German diplomacy’s push to redraw the eastern borders