A Planar Five‐Membered Aromatic Ring Stabilized by Only Two π‐Electrons

Many chemicals known today are partially or fully aromatic, since a ring framework experiences additional stabilization through the delocalization of π‐electrons. While aromatic rings with equal numbers of π‐electrons and ring atoms such as benzene are particularly stable, those with the minimally required two π‐electrons are very rare and yet remain limited to three‐ and four‐membered rings if not stabilized in the coordination sphere of heavy metals. Here we report the facile synthesis of a dipotassium cyclopentagallene, a unique example of a five‐membered aromatic ring stabilized by only two π‐electrons. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed a planar Ga5 ring with almost equal gallium–gallium bond lengths, which together with computational and spectroscopic data confirm its aromatic character. Our results prove that aromatic stabilization goes far beyond what has previously been assumed as minimum π‐electron count in a five‐atom ring fragment.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Verband der Chemischen Industrie http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007215Peer Reviewe

{Ge₉[Si(SiMe₃)₂(SiPh₃)]₃}⁻: Ligand Modification in Metalloid Germanium Cluster Chemistry

The influence of the stabilizing ligand on the physical and chemical properties of a metalloid cluster compound is important for nanotechnology as metalloid clusters are ideal model compounds for metal nanoparticles. Here we present the synthesis of a differently substituted metalloid {Ge₉R₃}⁻ cluster: {Ge₉[Si­(SiMe₃)₂­(SiPh₃)]₃}⁻ <b>1</b>, which is obtained in good yield by the reaction of K₄Ge₉ with ClSi­(SiMe₃)₂­(SiPh₃). <b>1</b> is characterized via NMR and mass spectrometry, but crystallization is hindered. However, the reaction with HgCl₂ gives the neutral compound HgGe₁₈­[Si­(SiMe₃)₂­(SiPh₃)]₆ <b>2</b>, which can be crystallized and structurally characterized. The presented results are a first step for the investigation of the ligand’s influence on the properties of a metalloid germanium cluster compound

O método estrutural e de atividade do estudo da personalidade criativa universal (a partir do exemplo da cultura musical)

The trend of the global educational process aimed at developing a universal creative personality is leading young people to expand their professional spectrum. The study of the universal personality of a musical artist is a prominent issue in the context of socio-cultural changes in modern society. The aim of the research is to study the specific and characteristic features of a creative personality as well as to clarify the aspects of the forma-tion of a musician’s universal personality. This article uses the following scientific methods to study the issue of the universal creative personality of a music student: description, analysis, synthesis, comparison, abstraction, and generalisation. The paper highlights the issues of the formation and development of the universality of the creative personality among representatives of musical culture. The authors studied the functions of leading and auxiliary activities in the process of forming a musician’s creative personality in view of personal motivation. The work analyses and highlights ways of forming and developing the creative aspects of a musician’s personality. This study also examines the typology of the universal creative personality, which resulted in the formation of the following types of musical personalities, in particular, the musician master and the musician-creator, and the differences between them. The article explores the structure and activity of the creative personality of a composer, performer, musicologist, teacher, and public figure. The authors’ work can be the subject of further investigation by researchers and teachers who study the topic of the universal creative personality of music.Resumo: A tendência do processo educativo global que visa o desenvolvimento de uma personalidade criativa universal está a levar os jovens a alargar o seu espetro profissional. O estudo da personalidade universal de um artista musical é uma questão proeminente no contexto das mudanças socioculturais na vida da sociedade moderna. O objetivo da investigação é estudar os traços específicos e característicos de uma personalidade criativa, bem como clarificar os aspectos da formação da personalidade universal de um músico. Este artigo utiliza os seguintes métodos científicos para estudar a questão da personalidade criativa universal de um estudante de música_ descrição, análise, síntese, comparação, abstração e generalização. O artigo destaca as questões da formação e desenvolvimento da universalidade da personalidade criativa nos representantes da cultura musical. Os autores estudaram as funções das actividades principais e auxiliares no processo de formação da personalidade criativa de um músico, tendo em conta a motivação pessoal. O trabalho analisa e destaca os modos de formação e desenvolvimento dos aspectos criativos da personalidade de um músico. Este estudo também examina a tipologia da personalidade criativa universal, que resultou na formação dos seguintes tipos de personalidades musicais, em particular, o músico-mestre e o músico criador e as diferenças entre eles. O artigo explora a estrutura e a atividade da personalidade criativa de um compositor, intérprete musicólogo, professor e figura pública. O trabalho dos autores pode ser objeto de uma investigação mais aprofundada por parte de investigadores e professores que estudarão o tema da personalidade criativa universal dos estudantes de música_info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Polytellurides of Mn, Fe, and Zn from Mild Solvothermal Reactions in Liquid Ammonia

The reaction of elemental Mn, Fe, and Zn with Te in liquid ammonia at 50 °C leads to the polytellurides [Mn­(NH₃)₆]­Te₄ (<b>1</b>), [Fe­(NH₃)₆]­Te₄·NH₃ (<b>2</b>), and [Zn­(NH₃)₄]₂Te₁₅ (<b>3</b>) in quantitative yield for <b>1</b> and <b>3</b>, and in 30–50% yield for <b>2</b>. The compounds form black crystals, which are air sensitive and easily lose ammonia without a protective atmosphere of NH₃. Compound <b>3</b> is semiconducting with a thermal activation energy of 1.2 eV. In the crystal structures of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, tetratelluride anions Te₄^2‑ in gauche conformation with dihedral angles around 90° are present, which are linked to form infinite spiral chains. Compound <b>3</b> contains an unusual Te₁₅^4‑ polyanion in the form of a bent chain Te₇–Te–Te₇. The connection between the Te₄ groups in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> and the two Te₇ groups in <b>3</b> is achieved via linear Te₃ entities, which are strongly asymmetric in <b>1</b>, almost symmetric in <b>2</b>, and symmetric in <b>3</b> (for <b>1</b>, Te–Te···Te 174.0°, <i>d</i>₁ = 2.87, <i>d</i>₂ = 3.25 Å; for <b>2</b>, Te–Te–Te 178.8°, <i>d</i>₁ = 3.01, <i>d</i>₂ = 3.09 Å; for <b>3</b>, Te–Te–Te 180°, <i>d</i>₁ = <i>d</i>₂ = 3.06 Å). Periodic DFT calculations show that interaction between the Te₄^2‑ units is negligible in <b>1</b> and weak but undoubtedly present in <b>2</b>. The overlap population amounts to 0.09 in the linear Te₃ group of <b>3</b>. The band structure calculation of <b>3</b> gives semiconducting behavior with a band gap of 1.5 eV in fair agreement with experimental data