49 research outputs found

    Safety and animal handling practices among women dairy operators

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    v2011o

    LÀmmöneristeestÀ voi irrota haitallisia aineita huoneilmaan

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    Rakennusmateriaalit vaikuttavat sisÀilman laatuun. LÀmmöneristeinÀ voidaan kÀyttÀÀ esimerkiksi pellava- ja hamppueristeitÀ sekÀ lasi-, kivi- ja selluvillaa. Vertailussa agrokuitueristeet eivÀt olleet merkittÀviÀ kemiallisten tai hiukkaspÀÀstöjen lÀhteitÀ. Kosteuden vaikutuksiin on kuitenkin kiinnitettÀvÀ huomiota eristeitÀ valmistettaessa, varastoitaessa ja asennettaessa, koska korkea ilmankosteus edistÀÀ homeiden kasvua eristeessÀ.vo

    Empirical investigation to explore potential gains from the amalgamation of Phase Changing Materials (PCMs) and wood shavings

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    The reduction of gained heat, heat peak shifting and the mitigation of air temperature fluctuations are some desirable properties that are sought after in any thermal insulation system. It cannot be overstated that these factors, in addition to others, govern the performance of such systems thus their effect on indoor ambient conditions. The effect of such systems extends also to Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems that are set up to operate optimally in certain conditions. Where literature shows that PCMs and natural materials such as wood-shavings can provide efficient passive insulation for buildings, it is evident that such approaches utilise methods that are of a degree of intricacy which requires specialist knowledge and complex techniques, such as micro-encapsulation for instance. With technical and economic aspects in mind, an amalgam of PCM and wood-shavings has been created for the purpose of being utilised as a feasible thermal insulation. The amalgamation was performed in the simplest of methods, through submerging the wood shavings in PCM. An experimental procedure was devised to test the thermal performance of the amalgam and compare this to the performance of the same un-amalgamated materials. Comparative analysis revealed that no significant thermal gains would be expected from such amalgamation. However, significant reduction in the total weight of the insulation system would be achieved that, in this case, shown to be up to 20.94%. Thus, further reducing possible strains on structural elements due to the application of insulation on buildings. This can be especially beneficial in vernacular architectural approaches where considerably large amounts and thicknesses of insulations are used. In addition, cost reduction could be attained as wood shavings are significantly cheaper compared to the cost of PCMs

    Equilibrium moisture content of flax/linseed and fibre hemp straw fractions

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    This preliminary study of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of bast fibre plants (Linum usitatissimum L. and Cannabis sativa L.) examines three fractions, fibre, fine shive and coarse shive. The plants were harvested at two times, the first in autumn and the second in spring. The autumn harvest yielded unretted, green material, while the frost-retted material harvested in spring may be classified as overretted. Interesting differences in EMC were found in the dampest air between the two harvest times irrespective of plant species: green fractions were faster to mould at the beginning and lost more weight in the 2-week test period than did the frost-retted samples. The green samples also attained higher EMCs before beginning to mould.Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin jakeistetun kuitupellavan, öljypellavan ja kuituhampun tasapainokosteuskÀyttÀytymistÀ kolmessa eri ilmankosteudessa. Korret jakeistettiin mekaanisesti kuiduksi sekÀ hienojakoiseksi ja karkeaksi pÀistÀreeksi. Korjuu tapahtui syksyllÀ ja kevÀÀllÀ: syksyllÀ saatiin liottamattomia varsia, kevÀÀllÀ korjatut voitiin luokitella ylilionneiksi. Mielenkiintoisimmat erot korjuuaikojen vÀlillÀ havaittiin korkeimmassa ilmankosteudessa kasvilajista riippumatta: syksyllÀ korjatut vihreÀt jakeet alkoivat homehtua nopeammin ja menettivÀt enemmÀn massastaan kahden viikon tutkimusjakson aikana kuin kevÀÀllÀ korjatut jakeet. VihreÀt jakeet saavuttivat kevÀtkorjattuja korkeamman kosteuspitoisuuden ennen kuin niiden massa alkoi homehtumisen vuoksi laskea

    Properties and cleanability of new and traditional agricultural surface materials

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    The aim of the present study was to evaluate new and traditional surface materials for use in cattle barns. The evaluated concrete materials had different compositions and included different additives and coatings. Contact angle meter, optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy SEM were used for characterization of surface properties. Radiochemical methods and a biochemical adenosine triphosphate ATP method were used to determine cleanability. A specific methodological aim was to examine the correlations between these determination methods. A statistically significant difference was observed between contact angles of non-coated concretes, coated concretes and joint materials. In general, coatings smoothened surfaces and the joint materials were the roughest surfaces, as illustrated by profilometry and SEM. On the basis of the radiochemical determination methods, coatings improved the cleanability of concrete. An epoxy joint material was cleaned efficiently from the oil model soil and from the labelled feed soil when compared to the two cement-based joint materials. According to the results of the biochemical ATP method the manure test soil was cleaned better from a concrete including inorganic sealant than from the other materials examined. The cleanability results of oil model soil used in the radiochemical method correlated with the results of the test feed soil used in the biochemical ATP method. Both determination methods of cleanability appeared to be suitable for examining the cleanability of surfaces soiled with agricultural soils. Only the radiochemical determination gives detailed quantitative results, but it can be used only in laboratory studies. The results of this laboratory study will be used for selecting materials for a pilot study in a cattle barn.;Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ seitsemÀn erilaisenbetonimateriaalin koostumuksen ja pinnoitteen vaikutus niiden puhdistuvuuteen. LisÀksi tutkittiin kolmea erilaista saumausainetta. Pintaominaisuudet selvitettiin kontaktikulmamittarilla, optisella profilometrillÀ ja pyyhkÀisyelektronimikroskoopilla (SEM). Puhdistuvuutta mitattiin radiokemiallisilla mÀÀritysmenetelmillÀ sekÀ biokemiallisella menetelmÀllÀ, joka perustuu ATP:n (adenosiinitrifosfaatti) mÀÀrÀn mittaamiseen. Likoina kÀytettiin laboratoriotutkimuksiin kehitettyjÀ mallilikoja ja luonnollisia maatalouden likoja. SekÀ radiokemialliset mÀÀritysmenetelmÀt ettÀ ATP-menetelmÀ soveltuivat maatilalikojen puhdistuvuuden sekÀ likajÀÀmien mÀÀrittÀmiseen pinnoilta. Radiokemialliset menetelmÀt antavat kvantitatiivisen tuloksen, mutta niitÀ voidaan kÀyttÀÀ ainoastaan laboratorio-olosuhteissa. Pinnoittamattomien ja pinnoitettujen betonien sekÀ saumausaineiden kontaktikulmat erosivat toisistaan. Karheusarvojen ja SEM-kuvien perusteella saumausaineet olivat karheimpia pintoja ja pinnoittaminen tasoitti betonipintoja. Radiokemiallisten puhdistuvuuskokeiden mukaan pinnoittaminen paransi myös puhdistuvuutta. ATP-menetelmÀllÀ ainoastaan tiivistetty betoni erosi muista materiaaleista se puhdistui lantaliasta parhaiten ensimmÀisen puhdistuksen jÀlkeen. Epoksipohjainen saumausaine puhdistui öljymÀisestÀ malliliasta parhaiten, kun saumausaineita verrattiin keskenÀÀn. Kokonaisuutena polyesteri-, akryyli- ja polyuretaanipinnoitetut nÀytteet puhdistuivat parhaiten. Pinnoittamista suositellaan tiloihin ja pinnoille, joilta vaaditaan hygieenisyyttÀ, esimerkiksi ruokintapöydille ja lypsyasemille

    Microbial quality of linseed and fibre hemp plants during growing and harvest seasons

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    Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and fi bre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can be used as raw materials in various applications. In this study, microbiological quality and meteorological measurements were made during the growing seasons and harvesting periods of 2001 and 2002. The microbiological analyses were carried out with HygicultÂź TPC and Y&F dipslides, and with a surface spreading method using Plate Count and Potato Dextrose agars. During the growing season of 2001 the conditions were mostly humid, whereas the growing season of 2002 was rather dry and warmer than that of 2001. The lack of water during the growing season of 2002 affected the growth of the plants. In the case of both hemp and fl ax, the mould and bacterial contents (cfu gdw-1) increased markedly at the end of the growing season of 2001. During the growing season of 2002 the increase in mould and bacterial contents was noticeable but more constant throughout the whole growing season. At the end of the growing seasons, the mould and bacteria contents were higher in 2001 than in 2002. The genera of moulds identifi ed included Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor and Alternaria. The microbiological safety should be controlled during the whole production chain, beginning with the cultivation and harvesting periods.;Öljypellavaa ja kuituhamppua voidaan kĂ€yttÀÀ moniinteollisiin sovelluksiin. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa mitattiin pellavan ja kuituhampun korsien mikrobiologista laatua vuosien 2001 ja 2002 kasvukausien ja korjuun aikana. Mikrobiologisissa mÀÀrityksissĂ€ kĂ€ytettiin HygicultÂź TPC- ja Y&F -kastolevyjĂ€ ja pintaviljelymenetelmÀÀ. Kasvukauden 2001 aikana olosuhteet olivat pÀÀasiassa kosteat, kun taas kasvukausi 2002 oli melko kuiva ja lĂ€mpimĂ€mpi kuin kasvukausi 2001. Homeiden ja bakteerien mÀÀrĂ€ kasveissa lisÀÀntyi huomattavasti kasvukauden 2001 lopussa sekĂ€ hampussa ettĂ€ pellavassa. Myös kasvukauden 2002 lopussa home- ja bakteerimÀÀrĂ€t lisÀÀntyivĂ€t, mutta muutos oli tasaisempaa kuin vuoden 2001 kasvukauden aikana. Vuoden 2001 kasvukauden lopussa home- ja bakteeripitoisuudet olivat suurempia kuin 2002 kasvukauden lopussa. Kasveista tunnistettiin mm. seuraavia homesukuja: Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor ja Alternaria. Tulosten perusteella mikrobiologiseen turvallisuuteen on kiinnitettĂ€vĂ€ huomiota koko tuotantoketjussa viljelystĂ€ ja korjuukaudesta alkaen

    Hygienic quality of stem fractions of mechanically processed fibre hemp and linseed

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    Bast fibre is the most important fraction of bast fibre plants for technical products, i.e. thermal insulations and packaging materials. The hygienic quality of the various fractions of bast fibre plants is of interest in thermal insulations, because it may affect the quality of indoor air. Packaging materials may be associated e.g. with foodstuffs, which highlights the importance of hygienic quality. The aim of this study was to screen the hygienic quality, determined as microbial content, of mechanically fractionated fibre hemp and linseed plants harvested in the autumn before frost, after early frost and in spring. In addition, the possible correlation between microbes and ash was investigated. Two plant species, fibre hemp and linseed were studied. The plants were cultivated in Siuntio in southern Finland during the years 2002 and 2003, harvested in autumn or in spring and mechanically fractionated. The microbial contents of the fractions were examined by measuring the total number of microbes using HygicultŸ growing slides. The microbial content of fractions of fibre hemp and linseed varied between 103 and 109 cfu/gdw. The fibre of hemp harvested after early frost or in spring had the lowest amount of moulds, but during winter and spring the amounts of bacteria and yeasts increased in hemp. Mechanically separated fibre and shive contained less microbes than the stalk. Ash contents of all examined samples of stems and stem fractions varied between 1% and 14%. The fibre after fractionating had a lower ash content (2.33.3%) than that of stems (4.46.9%) harvested in the autumn. The ash content of stem and shive decreased to 1.6% during winter, the ash content of fibre being even somewhat lower (0.9%). No correlation was observed between the contents of microbes and ash.;Niinikuitu on tÀrkein teknisiin sovelluksiin, kuten lÀmmöneristeisiinja pakkausmateriaaleihin kÀytettÀvÀ niinikuitukasvien jae. Niinikuitukasvien jakeiden hygieeninen laatu on tÀrkeÀÀ lÀmmöneristeissÀ, jotka voivat vaikuttaa sisÀilman laatuun. Pakkausmateriaalit voivat olla yhteydessÀ esim. ruokaan, mikÀ korostaa hygieenisen laadun merkitystÀ. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa syksyllÀ tai kevÀÀllÀ korjatun, mekaanisesti jakeistetun öljypellavan ja kuituhampun hygieenistÀ laatua, jota kuvattiin mikrobimÀÀrÀn avulla. LisÀksi tutkittiin mikrobimÀÀrien ja tuhkapitoisuuden mahdollista korrelaatiota. Tutkittavana oli kaksi kasvilajia, kuituhamppu ja öljypellava. Kasvit viljeltiin ja korjattiin Siuntiossa, EtelÀ- Suomessa vuosina 20022003. Korret korjattiin syksyllÀ ennen pakkasia, ensimmÀisten pakkasten jÀlkeen tai kevÀÀllÀ, minkÀ jÀlkeen korret jakeistettiin mekaanisesti. Jakeiden kokonaismikrobimÀÀrÀt selvitettiin HygicultŸ- kastolevyillÀ. Jakeiden mikrobimÀÀrÀt vaihtelivat 103 ja 109 vÀlillÀ. Aikaisen pakkasen jÀlkeen tai kevÀÀllÀ korjatun kuituhampun niinikuitu sisÀlsi vÀhiten homeita, mutta talven ja kevÀÀn aikana bakteerien ja hiivojen mÀÀrÀ kasvoi. Mekaanisesti jakeistettu kuitu ja pÀistÀre sisÀlsivÀt vÀhemmÀn mikrobeja kuin kokonainen korsi. Multakontaminaatiota pidetÀÀn yleisesti hygieniariskinÀ. Multakontaminaatio lisÀÀ korren tuhkapitoisuutta. Jakeiden tuhkapitoisuus vaihteli 1 ja 14 % vÀlillÀ. Niinikuitujakeen tuhkapitoisuus oli alhaisempi kuin syksyllÀ korjatun korren tuhkapitoisuus. Korren ja pÀistÀreen tuhkapitoisuus laski talven aikana 1,6 %, ja kevÀÀllÀ korjatusta korresta erotetun kuidun tuhkapitoisuus oli niitÀkin alhaisempi (0,9 %). Mikrobi- ja tuhkapitoisuuksien vÀlillÀ ei havaittu korrelaatiota

    MitÀ tutkimustieto kertoo maatalousyrittÀjien hyvinvoinnista?

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    vo

    Equilibrium moisture content of flax/linseed and fibre hemp straw fractions

    No full text
    This preliminary study of the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of bast fibre plants (Linum usitatissimum L. and Cannabis sativa L.) examines three fractions, fibre, fine shive and coarse shive. The plants were harvested at two times, the first in autumn and the second in spring. The autumn harvest yielded unretted, green material, while the frost-retted material harvested in spring may be classified as overretted. Interesting differences in EMC were found in the dampest air between the two harvest times irrespective of plant species: green fractions were faster to mould at the beginning and lost more weight in the 2-week test period than did the frost-retted samples. The green samples also attained higher EMCs before beginning to mould

    Properties and cleanability of new and traditional surface materials in cattle barns - a field study

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    In this study surface properties and cleanability of new and traditional surface materials in cattle barns were examined in a field test. The concrete and plastic-coated samples were placed on a walking path on the floor and on a feeding table in a cattle barn. The surfaces were characterized using colorimetric and gloss measurements and determination of topography. In most cases, the colour of the surfaces placed on the floor darkened during the one year study period, whereas the colour changes of the samples placed on the feeding table did not show a similar trend. However, in both locations the plastic-coated surfaces were generally the easiest to clean, and the highest colour changes indicating soil residues were detected on the uncoated and silane-impregnated concrete surfaces. The difference between the locations was also seen in the gloss values, which increased in the samples placed on the floor during the one-year test period but varied considerably between the different materials on the surfaces placed on the feeding table. This field study confirmed the observation from earlier laboratory studies that plastic coatings improved the cleanability of concrete cattle barn surfaces. Silane impregnation was not functionally competitive with the plastic coatings. In general, the cleanability results were in accordance with the results of previous laboratory experiments but the field study provided practical information about the behaviour of the surface materials examined.;Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittÀÀ uusien ja perinteistenpintamateriaalien pintaominaisuuksien vaikutus niiden puhdistuvuuteen kenttÀolosuhteissa navetassa. Betoniset ja muovipinnoitetut nÀytteet sijoitettiin navetan ruokintapöytÀÀn sekÀ lattiaan kulkuvÀylÀlle, lÀhelle lypsyrobottia. Pintojen ominaisuuksista selvitettiin vÀri, kiilto sekÀ topografia. Suurin osa lattialle sijoitetuista pinnoista tummui vuoden koejakson aikana, kun taas ruokintapöydÀlle sijoitetuissa nÀytteissÀ ei havaittu samanlaista muutosta. Molemmissa koepaikoissa muovipinnoitetut pinnat olivat yleisesti ottaen helpoimmin puhdistettavia kuin pinnoittamattomat nÀytteet. Suurimmat vÀrinmuutokset havaittiin pinnoittamattomissa ja silaanilla kyllÀstetyissÀ betonipinnoissa. Koepaikkojen vÀlinen ero havaittiin myös kiiltoarvoissa: lattialle sijoitettujen nÀytteiden kiiltoarvot kasvoivat vuoden koeajanjakson aikana, kun taas ruokintapöydÀlle sijoitettujen nÀytteiden kiiltoarvot vaihtelivat eri materiaalien vÀlillÀ huomattavasti. TÀmÀ kenttÀtutkimus vahvisti aikaisemmissa laboratoriotutkimuksissa tehdyt havainnot, ettÀ muovipinnoitteet parantavat betonin puhdistettavuutta navettojen pintamateriaaleina. Silaanilla kyllÀstetty pinta ei ollut tÀssÀ tutkimuksessa toiminnallisesti kilpailukykyinen muovipinnoitteiden kanssa. Yleisesti ottaen tÀmÀn tutkimuksen puhdistuvuustulokset olivat samansuuntaiset kuin aikaisempien laboratoriossa tehtyjen kokeiden tulokset. KenttÀtutkimus antoi kuitenkin tietoa tutkittujen pintamateriaalien kÀyttÀytymisestÀ kÀytÀnnön olosuhteissa navetassa
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